Explain the Principal Sociological Perspectives Essay

The functionalist approach in regard to health and ill health came from Talcott Parsons. Talcott Parsons urged that people must be health for the society to function well. He continued to verify that illness is a form of unaccepted behaviour and people who are ill play the sick role. Moreover, his approach towards these members is that the state comes with responsibilities. The rights that are related with the sick role include; People expect to be excluded from normal roles for that period of time. or duties e. g. work, house chores and also to be nurtured. The family play an important role in caring for the sick person. Responsibility of the sick role is; the sick person has to take good care of wellbeing in order to recover and return to normal duties. The functionalist contrast with the with government views regarding illness, that the society will be ineffective with sick people. Major strategies must be considered for the society to function. The Marxist approach: Concerning health, illness and health and social care services that are offered, the Marxist conform that this is an advantage to those in the high class. The government continue to allow advertisement of products that cause ill health and junk food. Moreover, factories manufacture dangerous products and cars cause air pollution. The functionalist view ill health as something that happen any time, whereas theorists say ill heath is a result of differences in the society. For example in areas of poverty there is high rate of unemployment. The government play a small role to eradicate issues that are associated with illness. Therefore people who are privileged benefit in the society. The Interactionist or social action approach: The interactionist approach is focused on the steps that an individual say about the illness, whether the illness existed or not. There are people who are seriously and do not consider themselves to be ill. There can be consequences to the sick person of being labelled ill. The interationists do not consider structures and institutions. However, they look on difficult relationships between people. Family, friends and professionals influence the individual’s declaration of being ill. The interactionist was criticised of leaving the causes of illness and focus on relationships and negotiations that occur. The approach ignores medical reports and environmental factors like depression, poverty and pollution. Concept of health Health is the state when there is no disease. Parson explained health which was proposed by the Who in 1974, as the condition of being physically, intellectual and spiritually fit. The absence of disease received negative report that gives no attention to individual’s physical, emotional and intellectual health. Car providers apply the holistic approach to care and support heath care users. Health care providers view themselves to deal with needs of patients instead of recognised matters. Three strands that were identified by Blaxter are; positive – when a person is fit and well: negative – health is being without pain or discomfort and functional – health is the ability to carry out daily tasks. Models of health Biomedical model The biomedical model originated from Western countries, the model supports the National Health Services. Health is considered as disease not found and professional help is required. The aim of professionals is to treat illness and the model so not focus on patients. Sociologists say look less on environmental factors that may cause ill health. The biomedical model focuses on the ill person instead of environmental and social factors. The biomedical model relates with the functionalist perspective. The functionalist perspectives say that illness cause the society be ineffective. The sick role has responsibilities to cooperate with the medical doctors. The socio-medical model The socio-medical model of health pays attention on environmental and social factors that lead to health in in the community. Researchers obtained information that life expectancy has increased and death rate is falling. The National Health Services provide free medical services. The report support that social factors cause ill health. The socio-medical model fits with the conflict theorists. Conflict theorists identified that there is lower life expectancy and increasing rates of illness people with low income and areas of poverty. Less privileged people have a poor diet and they live in areas where there is pollution. Although politicians identify plans to help people with illness they do not want to contribute. Biomedical model look on diagnosis, whereas the socio-medical focus on environmental factors that cause illness.

Contribute to Health and Safety in Health & Social Care Essay

1. Understand own responsibilities, and the responsibilities of others, relating to health & safety in the work setting; 1.1 My work setting is covered by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 which is the overall act for other regulations. It has been updated by many sets of guidelines which support and explain it. 1.2 In the work place you share responsibility with your employer for your own safety and that of all the people you support. a) My responsibilities in the work place are; avoid wearing jewellery & tie long hair back Read more: Describe practices that prevent fires from starting essay understand and apply relevant legislation to situations undertake relevant training when provided, do not operate or carry anything out that I have not had training for ofollow the companies policy for health and safety take care not to put others at risk by my actions report any injuries, strains or illnesses I suffer as a result of doing my job otell my employer if something happens that could affect my ability to work b) My employer’s responsibilities are to; make sure the work place is safe prevent risks to health make sure that all materials are handled, stored and used safely oprovide adequate first aid facilities tell you about any potential hazards from the work I do, chemicals and other substances used by the organisation and give me information, instructions, training and supervision as needed make sure ventilation, temperature, lighting and toilet, washing and rest facilities all meet health, safety and welfare requirements ocheck that the right equipment is provided and properly maintained take precautions against the risks caused by flammable or explosive hazards, electrical equipment, noise and radiation oprovide health supervision as needed provide personal protective equipment (PPE) C) Other people’s responsibility’s in the work place would be; to if possible not bring a disease or illness into the work place oto not bring risk or harm to the residents or staff to be aware of the health and safety policy(s) 1.3 When working in a residential setting you have to have a balance between the need for safety and the rights of people to live the way they wish, as after all it maybe our workplace but it is the person’s home. Both the staff and residents are entitled to expect a safe place in which to live and work. Residents have the right to see whoever they wish but situations may arise where there are concerns about vulnerable people being exploited or at risk of harm, you can advise people of the risks of opening doors to strangers but you cannot force the level of security they adopt even though the people  they are inviting in could be a threat to you. People also need to assess the risks involved in doing the things they wish to do without placing themselves at harm or danger; for example one of the residents has vascular dementia and if she wanted to go out shopping alone this would be potentially very dangerous, they could become disorientated and forget their way home. Undert aking a risk assessment would help to look at the risks and control measures that can be put in place to reduce the risks of the activity i.e. the activities co-ordinator could arrange a shopping trip for a couple of residents to go shopping with a couple of support workers so they get to have a one to one but also do the activity they wished to do. 1.4 In the work place there are a range of tasks relating to health and safety that should not under any circumstances be carried out without special training. All manual handling must be carried out by people that have had the correct training to do it. Employers are required to provide training in manual handling which must be done once a year, it isn’t a one off training session- it is vital to keep up to date with the latest techniques, equipment and changes in regulations. Moving people without proper training is not only dangerous for the residents but for us staff too. Also administering medication requires support workers to undergo training to show you are competent and confident as residents are trusting you to give them the correct medication and correct dosage of that medication. Other training we undertake includes; first aid, food hygiene and COSHH training. 1.5 Sometimes we might need more advice or information on aspects of health and safety like what legislation and guidelines are involved, maybe the safety of an individual isn’t satisfactory or you are unhappy about the risks of an object causing hazards to staff and residents. The first person I would go to if I had a query would be my manager but if they were unavailable I would check the works policies and procedures and if after doing that I was still unsure I could seek information from trade unions or the Health & Safety Executive. 2. Understand the use of risk- assessments in relation to health and safety: 2.1 Risk assessment in health and social care is important for everyone whether they are employers or employees, who are required by law to identify and assess risks in the workplace including circumstances where potential harm may be caused. The 5 questions listed below are the key stages to  successfully undergo a risk assessment: The Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1999 say that employers must assess any risks that could be associated in the work place. Having carried out a risk assessment the employer must then apply risk control measures i.e. that actions need to be identified to reduce the risks. 2.2In health and social care it is important that within my role as a support worker I am constantly aware of health and safety risks and potential risks in everyday situations, creating a mental checklist helps me to do this. A few examples are listed below; – if I carry out the daily cleaning tasks I need to check that every substance is clearly labelled and stored safely – if people visit the home I need to make a judgement about if they are regular visitors (family, friends, staff, health professionals) or if they are an intruder who could bring danger into the home – if someone has recently mopped a floor I need to check the ‘wet floor’ sign is visible to people in the building and that people using that specific room are aware, even if I haven’t personally mopped that floor myself – and when I go up and down the corridors I need to check that pathways are clear of obstacles that could cause hazards I have a responsibility to report any unsafe situation to my manager however some situations have to be reported officially where special procedures must be followed. This is where the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences (RIDDOR) Regulations 1995 comes into place. Reporting accidents and ill-health at work is a legal requirement. We as a health and social care work place have to report deaths, major injuries, diseases, dangerous occurrences and any accidents resulting in more than three days off work.

H&M: Target Costing and Business Model Essay

In the world globalization competitive increasingly environment, how is H&M’s business model maintain and enhance the competitiveness of high-speed growth? With the research of target costing and business model of system innovation theory, you can understand the H&M’s successful business. And you can understand to make much more profit by controlling target costing. Password 1: Accurately grasp and dig into the demand of the client value. Customer, this is undoubtedly the center of the whole enterprise. Philip Kotler , who from American Marketing From EMKT.com.cn think solving the problem in accordance with the conventional innovation of logic in such a competitive market is no longer applicable. But creative thinking that is based on customers showing growing charm. It is by the original alternative concept and product development to stimulate new markets and profit growth. Obviously, H&M is the master of â€Å"creative thinking† to customer demand, H&M noted that almost every shopper likes fashionable design and image of luxury clothes. But the vast majority of people have to wait until the clearance sale. Why cannot meet the customers demand of famous brand fashion design and cheap parity? According to the survey of professional organizations Verdict Research, the average price of clothing in 1995 fell 34%. But in the same period the number of women buying clothes has doubled. This suggests that consumers pay more attention to the fashion style. They buy more clothes, but wearing the times less. Meanwhile, the current consumer market is showing to the two extreme diversion state of â€Å"luxury† and â€Å"save money. In the â€Å"luxury† mode, consumers buy product and service of high quality, reflecting the personality characteristics and meeting the emotional needs at any cost. In the â€Å"save money† mode, consumers try their best to find low-cost but high-quality goods. These â€Å"contradictions† demand implies the desire of consumers for affordable fashion. H&M Fashion Group, which is to see the change of social structure and consumers, seeking to find crack password equilibrium point, creating a cheap fashion clothing brand positioning. It use the combination of its use of changing fashion and luxury quality and public evaluation to realize trafficking â€Å"fashion† like McDonald’s selling hamburgers.

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example The military is an elite organism made up of those who are more able than many. However, it is also unusual in the fact that its income or funding is determined by the governments budget. This is a challenge. They can be the greatest in the world but unlike many organizations, they do not earn more for being great, they must fit that greatness inside the budget given. They deal with this by basing many of their functions on economic laws. Those laws are applied to almost everything they do (Fedorov., 2001). It is a little strange to think of the military as an economic machine but it certainly is. The military is a very close knit organism. They have a very organized way of managing to make each piece of the organism happen. Each one knows their job extremely well is very organized in his interaction with the other parts of the organism. Each cell does not think out of the box because they do not want them to think out of the box but follow the ritual exactly as it is written as it may save the life of one of the other cells later. . Like the military, the orchestra is a system made up of many subsystems and like the military those subsystems are very responsible for carrying out their individual and distinct duties. The orchestra functions very much the same as the military in its demand for each and every person to know their job really well for the good of the whole organization. If the viola cannot play the music they are supposed to play tonight, he can endanger the whole program. Just like the military organism they work in harmony. When the organization is a productive system which is the fact with both the military system and the orchestra, the open systems approach to analyzing their system is effective. In looking at a systems analysis which is shown above, the organizations environment and the relationship between it and the system are analyzed. The four major subsystems that are apparent are the economic system which we have discussed in the

POL DB 5 All Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

POL DB 5 All - Assignment Example The government, therefore, has a duty to protect its citizens from such crimes. The issue of crime is a national pandemic and cannot be overlooked. Therefore, the government creates an agenda to discuss it and find lasting solutions. There is the agenda of homicide and cyber-crime. Both have been robbing the country of either prominent people or lots of money. The policy formulation will include hefty penalties for anyone charged with a cyber-crime or a homicide. Actually, for a homicide, individuals could also receive a death sentence. For a cyber-crime, the individual will be required to pay up every cent to the last coin. The police on patrol will also increase and surveillances will be put in areas strategic, so as to identify the people carrying out different types of crimes. The policy evaluation will eventually be done to see how the two active policies are. The "government will then evaluate the facts on the ground and try to seal the loopholes" (Ãâ€"berg, Lundin and Thelander, 114). Thus, the system becomes more efficient. There are several needs that arise, and that require to be brought to the attention of the policymakers for them to review and make decisions. Crime is one such issue. One of the typical examples of crime is larceny and any such theft like robbery with violence and burglary. From the offense perspective, Plott states that "a rise in the practice of theft in a particular state may raise the alarm for the government to act on it" (25). It therefore, becomes an agenda in their list. There are different ways that to table this in parliament. The government may decide to look at the causes of the rise in such theft cases. What age is mostly involved in these acts? Why? Is it that the employment rate is high? The government then decides to focus on the "whys" to find a lasting solution. They then brainstorm on the possible causes. They are then able to draft a plan from their finding. For example, the paper

Law of Defamation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of Defamation - Essay Example The reporter told the court that he had not kept the notes. However, since action for defamation has to be initiated within one year of publication of the report, it may not be impossible to keep notes. But it has practical difficulties. The Act does not go in big way in the preservation of the freedom of the speech and press when it comes to the cases dealing with public figures. In fact it is the public servants that should be vigorously chased and made accountable to their deeds. Media, as it exists, is a spontaneous activity. Every word that the media reports cannot be authenticated with supporting documents. Media often relies on hearsay information. This information may be reliable. But reliability in certain cases may not possible to prove. Now, what is said in the media impromptu may not be available in the court for the purpose of evidence. This would make the press and broadcast media excessively cautious which will take away the vigor of news reporting in Britain, while el sewhere the news reporting can go on freely without fearing the legal cudgel. It is unfortunate that the British Parliament has doggedly resisted plans to shift the burden of proof on the issue of truth in the defamation cases. However this did not get much support. The guarded response of the Members of the Parliament to changes in law might have sprung from the fears they have of the British Press running riot like the American journalists.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The peripheral changes that the Defamation act underwent is also due to the economic conditions.... The rapid progress in technology increased the possibility of sending news and view across the globe. The British broadcasting industry is a predominantly a state affair in spite of the much trumpeted independence and autonomy. The defamatory Act if pursued vigorously might ultimately affect even the functioning of BBC. Elsewhere in the world the media can go to big extent in grilling the public servants, celebrities and captains of industry. But in Britain Defamation act is the shield to protect them. But in the globalized scenario if the BBC is going to function as a guarded organization it is going to lose its competitive advantage in the globalized world. So the modification of the defamation act is also a must for the survival of the British Media. So in the print and broadcast media changes were imperative to survive in the globalized world. The Defamation Act of 1996 came out, after much fan fare about the drastic changes that it would bring about in the legal system, the changes were merely peripheral and disappointed those who expected an overhauling of the Act. The marginal provisions in the defamatory act have made many disappointed and consider the reform-exercise as a lost opportunity. There are defenses that address the problems created by the new technologies and fast growing scope of news reporting as an international matter. The other types of provisions are meant to reduce the expenditure in fighting less serious cases of libel and to reduce the immunity enjoyed by the people in power. The Defamation Act of 1996 falls short in addressing the problems created by the globalized context. Especially the provision called "Justification" puts the entire burden of proof on the defendant. In fact, as

Sierra LeoneWrite about literacy rates, primary school completion rate Essay

Sierra LeoneWrite about literacy rates, primary school completion rate among females, secondary school attendance, and how girls are interested in attending school further - Essay Example From 2008 to 2012, the literacy level for female aged between 15 -24 years stood at 52% while that of the male stood at 70.5% (UNICEF, 2014). In the period between 2008 and 2012, primary education gross enrollment ratio for male was 129% while that of the females stood at 120%. In the secondary education, gender disparity was still evident. During the period, the net attendance ratio for the boy’s student was 39.9% while that of the girls stood at 33%. The statistics from the primary school indicates that there is a notable disparity in terms of girls and boys education in Sierra Leone. Key challenges facing school going girls during their adolescent stage in Sierra Leone include Another notable aspect that makes the rate of school absenteeism to be high among the 9-14 years old is lack of latrines that are separated based on the gender. According to UNICEF, Majority of schools also lack latrines as well as private areas where girls can wash themselves (Marni et al, 2012). Additionally, due to lack of sanitary cloths available for use by the girls during emergencies, girls do not feel motivated to attend the schools. UNICEF has embarked on addressing problems faced by girls in ways such

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Response paper - Essay Example A neighbor says: â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors†, but for the main character this claim is vague. He cannot guess whether this claim is right or wrong. Frost introduces different metaphors and comparisons trying to compare the issues of privacy of the modern society with the laws of nature. He talks about animals and he says that there is no need to hide from each other and to build the walls. Another neighbor opposes to him and sticks to his point claiming that it is better to be separated from each other and live one’s life the way he wants. We can see that the boundaries between neighbors are too thin and the rights of individuals can hardly be protected. On the one hand, to build a wall is to show respect to the privacy of another person, but on the other hand, it underlines a feeling of estrangement: Moreover, there are essential contradictions raised by the author, when he wants to discuss whether it is relevant to build walls or it is easier to destroy them? These questions are of crucial importance for the contemporaries, when the issues of privacy are high on the agenda. Nowadays privacy really became crucial. There is no doubt that a desire of freedom was embodied in individual privacy of the society. Further on, it is relevant to claim that the issues of privacy are too much desirable by some people and they are ready to live on their own and to be detached from others. Dependency is awful for our contemporaries, we struggle for independence and it represents our primary goal. Independence and freedom are two basic pillars of the modern society, in which only free person can be happy. It is hard to sustain these two pillars, but it is even harder to destroy them. Whether Frost right or wrong, but he makes us think about people around us and to show that humane treatment is one of the first and foremost things in the world. It is easy to build

IMMIGRANTS SHOULD STAY OR LEAVE UNITED STATES Essay

IMMIGRANTS SHOULD STAY OR LEAVE UNITED STATES - Essay Example The United States of America is like that new house to immigrants, legal or illegal. Many have spent all their lives living here. To many second and third generation immigrants, this is all there is. So illegal immigrants, in my opinion, should stay in the United States; they should be given the chance to become legal. Evicting illegal immigrants would require an unimaginable amount of resources. There are estimates of 11 to 12 million illegal immigrants in the United States (Saad, 2007). The resources required to first trace and then evict them would be colossal. Some experts say that it is not necessary to evict every single one of them. A hard crackdown and the eviction of a few thousand would send out a clear message to the rest that they were better off leaving. However, others believe that immigrants already braving everything to remain in the United States would employ more diligent measures to remain uncaught (Tamar Jacoby as cited in Jacoby, 2007). They would merely increase revenue for human traffickers and document forgers.

Price Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Price Discrimination - Essay Example 0 B C A D Quantity In the above diagram the horizontal axis measures quantity in the vertical axis we measure nominal price and utility expressed in terms of money. KD is the marginal utility curve. The price is given by OP. So E is the equilibrium point that obeys the two conditions (both necessary and sufficient). Now we can logically explain why E is the equilibrium point Let us consider that the consumer is consuming 0B amount. For 0Bth unit the consumer is willing to pay BL units of money but he actually needs to pay BG units. His willingness to pay is greater than his actual payment. So he will raise the consumption and consequently there will be a decline in the willingness to pay by the consumer. Finally at point E the willingness to pay matches with the actual payments. The marginal utility curve is the demand curve as it depicts the demand price of the commodity at each corresponding level of consumption. On the other hand at each level of price the equilibrium demand for the commodity by the consumer is determined by the marginal utility curve. In the above diagram the total willingness to pay is measured by summing up the willingness to pay at each level of q. Hence the total willingness to pay is given by the area of 0KEA and actual payment is P.q. 0A*0P= 0PEA. Hence the consumer's surplus is given by the area of KEP. Mathematically we can show C.S as We suppose that is the equilibrium level of consumption which is given by 0A in the figure. As we know that then Hence consumer's surplus can be expressed as The difference between total utility (willingness to pay in terms of money) and the total expenditure on the goods consumed. Graphically the...KD is the marginal utility curve. The price is given by OP. So E is the equilibrium point that obeys the two conditions (both necessary and sufficient). Let us consider that the consumer is consuming 0B amount. For 0Bth unit the consumer is willing to pay BL units of money but he actually needs to pay BG units. His willingness to pay is greater than his actual payment. So he will raise the consumption and consequently there will be a decline in the willingness to pay by the consumer. Finally at point E the willingness to pay matches with the actual payments. The marginal utility curve is the demand curve as it depicts the demand price of the commodity at each corresponding level of consumption. On the other hand at each level of price the equilibrium demand for the commodity by the consumer is determined by the marginal utility curve. In the above diagram the total willingness to pay is measured by summing up the willingness to pay at each level of q. Hence the total willingness to pay is given by the area of 0KEA and actual payment is P.q. The difference between total utility (willingness to pay in terms of money) and the total expenditure on the goods consumed. Graphically the portion below the demand curve and above the price line represents consumer's surplus. (Sen, 2002) The first degree of price discr

Audience Analysis Essay Example for Free

Audience Analysis Essay Many of us may know that Breast Cancer is a real prominent disease. With breast cancer being one of the top five killers of man-kind, I wanted to give information in regards to what the disease is. This disease is Cancer of the Breast; one of the most common malignancies in women in the US. This topic means a lot to me being that I’ve watched two grandmothers die from the disease and currently watching a auntie battle from it, not to mention my mom being a survivor, so in my opinion this topic felt extremely suitable for this informative speech. The purpose of my speech being on Breast Cancer, is simply to inform my audience about what Breast Cancer is, who/what it effects and its early detection. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), breast cancer is the most widespread cancer in U.S. women, it is very severe that women/men become aware of this disease. More than two million women are living with breast cancer, and more than 40,000 deaths are expected this year. The death rate has dropped steadily since 1990 (averaging a 2.3% decrease per year) due to improvements in early detection and treatment; the 5-year survival rate has risen to 88% (ACS, 2005). The type of organizational pattern I plan on using is being able to inform; I want to be able to educate my audience about my topic. I want to include some facts and statistics based on my research in regards. The information I plan to provide to my audience will be useful and interesting to help them develop their own questions and thoughts about breast cancer. References: American Cancer Society (ACS) . ( 2005 ). Breast cancer facts and figures, 2005–06 . Atlanta : Author .

U.S. Military Women in Vietnam Essay Example for Free

U.S. Military Women in Vietnam Essay United States military women played important roles during the war, in Vietnam. Women served on voluntary terms and proved to aid amid the destruction and death in Vietnam. When Diane Carlson Evans, a former army nurse in Vietnam, first saw the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, she felt something was missing. Her efforts to highlight the service of women in Vietnam were rewarded on November 11, 1993, when the Vietnam Womens Memorial was dedicated. We learn from (Anderson, p. 99) that, â€Å"All women who served in Vietnam were volunteers, whether civilian or military. At one time there was discussion about drafting women nurses, but this was never implemented. Some women military asked to go to Vietnam, and some were sent against their wishes and even against recruiters promises, but all were volunteers because they voluntarily signed up for the military. † The discussion came up about drafting women, during Vietnam but it was decided that women would not be ordered to serve during this war. There was a huge need for nurses and other jobs, in Vietnam, but the draft was never made mandatory. We learn from Joan Arrington Craigwell and Ellen Hoffman Young, (Craigwell, Young, p. 77) that â€Å"Significant numbers of women served admirably in all branches of service as professional nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, air traffic controllers, aerial reconnaissance photographers, intelligence and language specialists, legal officers, and in security and administrative positions. Civilian women also served in Vietnam in the Red Cross, USO, the Central Intelligence Agency and the U. S. Agency for International Development, as well as in other government agencies. Other women worked there as journalists, flight attendants, and in various church and humanitarian organizations. † We also learn that, â€Å"Where are these women today? Could they possibly be your wife, your nurse, co-worker, your supervisor, your physician or your next door neighbor? Could you find them if you looked? These women have camouflaged themselves, an easy task in our society. All they have to do is keep quiet. Women served alongside men in that sink-pit of war. For the country to heal, these women need to reveal the full depth of their experiences, first to themselves and then to the rest of us. Its time for womens experiences and contributions to be recognized and acknowledged as an important part of the history of the Vietnam conflict. †Women have not necessarily been associated with serving in the United States, during Vietnam. When we think about Vietnam, we most likely connect the war with an all male group. Many women served in Vietnam and made huge contributions to this war effort. We learn from the Tod Advisor’s Notebook that, (Women in Vietnam, p. 1) â€Å"In 2002, we think nothing of seeing women soldiers going into combat, or women police officers on our streets. This is a fairly recent development and, even today, these are far from accepted roles for women outside the United States (and Canada). During the time of TOD, 1967-69, womens role in society was very limited. In the military, women were mostly restricted to clerical or medical duties. All women who served in the Armed Forces were either volunteers or obligatories (again, my term), the latter being mostly nurses who had received public funding for their training and were obliged to serve two years in the military in exchange. During the period of the Vietnam War, women did not attend West Point or participate in ROTC programs. Far fewer women served in the military (either in total or as a percentage) than had served in WW II.

Arguments Against India As A Single Nation Religion Essay

Arguments Against India As A Single Nation Religion Essay I have tried to understand this topic and share my insights for the same. I have tried to deconstruct the topics in different subject areas. I tried getting an opinion on those subject areas and then link them to have a holistic view of the topic. Before I share my comments on the dictum Unity in Diversity , lets look at India in general. India is imagined in a plethora of ways. The political ideology always has an impact on the nation. A nation exists because of the people. The pathos and ethos which binds them together and makes them move towards an ideal state of affair is long and testing. There are moments of glory in the history of a nation when all political parties rejoice and encourage activities which benefit the image of a nation. For instance, The Nobel prize awarded to Amartya Sen in 1998 when he transformed economics into a moral science in which he targeted many public policies like education and hunger. The same policy has been adapted to the framework of India and used for development by ruling politics. There is need of Innovators and entrepreneurs like Sen who can lead India to a state of absence of malnutrition, illiteracy and poverty. Behind the deathly blows of caste rivalries and religious feuds is a stark reality of limited resources. Behind the demand of a separate land is the desire for reco gnition and growth opportunities. Only, if the political system could design policies to combat it! I strongly believe in the dictum Unity in Diversity. I would like go about in a theoretical and later, practical way in justifying the same. India is a vast country in which people belonging to different religions, castes and creeds live together. Though usually they live in harmony and co-operation with each other, sometimes the harmony is disturbed and disturbance creates many social problems. In order to bring the people belonging to different religions together and in a bid to bridge the gap in cast differences, the countrys social reformers have made positive attempts to forge unity in diversity. India is the cradle of many cultures. In this ancient land, the people belonging to different cultures are living together preserving their own culture and cultural unity, In spite of the fact that there is an apparent disunity in the country, basically there is cultural unity which is visible in every walk of life. It is on this account that it is said that in India there is unity in diversity. India is a land of many religions. There might be different factions and sub sections from the main streamline and that might prima facie give an idea of religious disunity, but on the whole there is unity in so far as each religion is concerned. We basically believe in the theory of dharma and karma. The theory of rebirth and purification of soul, salvation and the philosophy of hell and heaven hold s good every where. Respect for mosques, temples churches, Gurudwaras and religious gods and goddesses is prevalent. A multitude of gods and religious practices, the existence of hundreds of groups called castes, variety of foods and clothing and different types of kinship organization, which one finds in India, create an impression of a bewildering variety impossible to classify and of a society divided into innumerable tiny compartments. Many anthropologists, especially those dealing with the phenomenon of casts, have described this a illustrating the fissiparous tendency of the Indian society, while others have called it horizontal segmentation of the society. Indian philosophy is a product of the Indian society, and reflects the various cultures which have blended together after the time the Aryan entered India. The developed and elaborate rituals on the one hand, and the monistic philosophy on the other, are not an evolution of purely Aryan tradition, but a product of the fusion of the Aryan and the non-Aryan. While the region west of Punjab and including the present Delhi region seemed to be the region of the development of early Aryan thought, the central and the eastern Gangetic plain to the north of the river Ganga was the region of the rise of new specta, culture -contact, culture-confilict and final fusion. Changes have occurred in the overall conception of the gods and modes of worship, and ideas of purity. There are also in existence different modes in different regions. These changes are not due merely to internal evolution. Neither are they due to continuous fission of religious bodies. Independent groups living in the same continent were practicing different modes of religion. The overall changes are due to gradual ascendance of new , non-Vedic ideas, and the existing differences are due to interaction of independent groups who kept their separateness and reacted to each others cultural capital in different ways. The early Aryans themselves racially mixed, and showed a certain catholicity in taste, but the later conquerors, like the Mughals and the fairer British, have made public preference to fairness of complexion in women, though extreme fairness of skin in men is not valued much, at least in the south. Details of formal art forms, like rhyming, are different for different regions. In classical poetry there was no end-rhyming. In Prakrit poetry, especially in Marathi and sometimes in Ardhanagadhi, one finds the end-rhyme. Apparently, this practice influenced Marathi poetry, too. In the neighboring Karnataka, however, we have line which have a rhyme in the beginning and not at the end. All these differences, and also those in dress, ornaments, decoration of house, and food are partly regional, and partly found also in different castes of the same region. It is necessary to study this multiplicity region by region, and it will unfold a tale of cultural conservatism as also cultural borrowi ngs and changes due to cultural adjustments between separate ethnic groups. The peculiarity of Indian social life is that ethnic groups have lived separately from one another. They have devised a mode of inter-group behavior which avoids mutual interference or merging so that the identity of the original group is not lost. There has been fusion. There has also been fission within large groups, but the main cultural feature is the retention of group integrity. This type of social organization made it possible for certain groups to progress while certain other groups became progressively primitive. Although Indias present Constitution has many flaws like separate provision for different castes and creeds, particularly those who are backward and are schedules in the Constitution, the recent industrialization processes and agrarian reforms have brought about a new secular outlook which has given rise to the promotion of a new culture. The new generations of all cases, communities, religions, and sects are getting chance to come together in farms, factories, educational institutions, universities and government bodies for employment. This coming together has caused a blending of different cultures, emanating from difference communities or tribes, under the impact of modernization. Traditional rituals of the older generation are no more in vogue in the new secular communities which are coming up. The unity of interests and attitudes in economic, social and political fields is helping to accelerate the social processes which are giving common values, cultural traits, art forms, arch itecture, music and dramatics. All modern art activity is assimilating the basic cultural values of all tribes, and giving rise to what may be called national culture. However, our national problems lie in inability to distinguish between cultural imperatives and administrative and economic necessities to find out how a nation be built up from the foundation of cultural multiplicity. Each religion preaches purity of character, benevolence and piety along with honesty. Religious books are shown respect and honor by all. The people go on pilgrimage with respect and reverence. There is always devotion in prayers and so on. Basically all religions believed in religious toleration. In this way there is religious unity in the country. In India there is now great cultural unity. Indian philosophy of life, literature, customs and traditions are basically the same. The institutions like those of marriage etc. are found throughout the country. There are certain rituals and sanskaras which are observed throughout the country. Similarly there are many festivals which are celebrated with great zeal and vigor throughout India. We find a kind of emotional unity in the country. The very name of India or Bharat Mata brings us emotionally closer to each other. Though in India there are different languages and each language has its own literature, yet Sanskrit brings all emotionally together. We treat and consider Sanskrit as the mother of all Indian languages and that brings us emotionally together. Permanent elements of Indian culture are: Maximum stress is laid on spirituality and not just on the earning of wealth. Maximum stress has been laid on religion. Dharma or righteousness is promoted. A dharma or injustice should be checked. We are also reminded that even gods take birth as human beings to check the spread of a dharma and kill those who stand in the way of dharma. All along India culture has taught us to follow religious toleration. It implies that every religion must be given an opportunity to observe its ideology and viewpoint. It also means that every other religion must be shown respect for what is good in that. There should be no violence in religious affairs. Capacity to absorb all good cultures should have that capacity. Hinduism comes to the forefront in this respect. It has always either completely absorbed them or largely influenced all cultures. Indian culture is very wide I its approach to every problem. It lays stress on religion, spiritualism and salvation, without ignoring material and married life. It has always said that the people should be led according to Dharma. Stress on freedom of thought and expression, Hindu culture has always believed that culture becomes rich when the people have freedom of expression. Thoughts and expressions will enrich the culture and that will become dynamic. The unity to the desired extent is not achieved as there arise serious hindrances to national unity. Regionalism is not great hindrance. It implies that the region is above the nation. It should only be developed and the people of that region along should be given the benefits of their development. The region should have maximum autonomy in running its own administration. Regionalism should promote love for the region as well as for the nation as a whole. Now coming to the arguments put forth by Ramchandra Guha in his thoughts about India being an unnatural nation , or being a single divided nation. I think he does have enough examples to illustrate the fact that , yes India is a divided nation after all. The main aspect to understand here is , which factor is more overbearing. Nations are made of two things- Memories and Amnesia. The forgotten memories are best buried together by opposing groups and the good memories must be shared and cherished. Only then is kinship born .However, reality is different. Even if some people forget misfortunes, the rest never do. They pass it on to their successors, shaping their minds to avenge it. In India, secularism made its appearance not only as a concomitant of modernity and nationalism but also as an answer to communalism, another mode political with its pretentions to nationalism. The Hindu nationalism was a natural growth from the soil of India Jawaharlal Nehru wrote in the secular, modernist position and Muslim nationalism it inevitably comes in the way of the larger nationalism which rises above differences of religion and creed. While an ideal nation has images, policies and practices and its state continues to be debatable the nation state now has a powerful and tangible material, intellectual and spiritual force. Whenever an independent nation state is established, the connect with nationalism takes a backseat. This is due to the availability of resources for the oppressed, minority or unheard part of the population. Both Gandhi and Nehru believed that the idea of a nation as a singular space. Inspired from thinkers like Leo Tolstoy, Thoreau and Ruskin, Gandhis impeachment of modern civilization was a political project on behalf of India as a nation. An Important historical moment is the round table conference in London 1931-32, held for drawing the constitution for a future independent India. Gandhi went on a fast unto death in protest at Ambedkars attempt to have untouchables recognized as a minority community like the Muslims and Sikhs. This period is of great significance because it reflected the competing ideas about the legitimate place the citizenship of the community and the minority within what it meant to be Indian. Notions of fossilized communities, a majority Hindu population as well as liberal democratic ideals, had existed side by side in India for much of the nineteenth century. Prior to the insidious entry of the British, India was a wealthy nation also known as sone ki chidiya. The garments, the jewels and the food items were in surplus and of extremely good quality. India was imagined to be a prospering entity under rulers. The political instability gave way to British Raj, with the set up of the East India Company. The 200 years of British raj, had new systems introduces in the society like the land revenue system and postal system. These changed the lifestyle of Indians. Although the British did not consider Indians as civilized but the belief was that India is a close-knit nation and so they came up with the system of divide and rule. The much touted Swayamwar (selection of spouse by a princess in an open forum) is indicative of this deficiency and our total disregard for forging unity. Whereas matrimony amongst the royals in the Europe has always been an instrument of forging strategic alliances, Swayamwar invariably created more enemies than friends. All rejected princes and kings felt insulted, nursed a grudge and waited for an opportunity to take revenge to redeem their self-esteem. History bears testimony to the fact that every Swayamwar was followed by acrimony and internecine wars. Reverting to the role of the British, they never divided us to rule, simply because they did not need to. We have always been and continue to be a divided lot. Formation of states on linguistic basis was never attempted by the British. The Mandal Commission was not constituted or implemented by them. Nor was the Babri Masjid demolished by the British. The current agitation in Maharashtra has not been initiated by the East India Company. Caste based reservations and quota system, the prime splitter of the Indian body politic, were not invented by the erstwhile rulers. Nor are they preventing us from enacting a uniform civil code. The list is endless. We have a knack and penchant for generating innovative issues to divide ourselves. We are doing our best to ensure that we remain embroiled in petty bickering and internal dissentions. To us, our region, religion, caste and sub-caste are more important. Worse, we flaunt this narrow identity and give it precedence over nationalism. If after 60 years of independence, Kashmir and the North East are still not emotionally integrated with the country, the failure is ours.  Ã‚   Undoubtedly, the politicians are the fountainhead of all fissiparous tendencies. One does not have to be a visionary to predict the danger of abetting illegal migration from  Bangladesh  for garnering votes. North Indians in Mumbai are not welcome but illegal Bangladeshis can stay. If political leaders can imperil national security for the sake of power, they can stoop to any level. Sadly, they cannot be expected to change as they believe in the ends and not the means employed. To them, vote bank politics preclude letting countrymen stay united. Additionally, spineless and politicized bureaucracy simply follows their dictates and cannot be expected to deliver either. Immense damage is also being inflicted on the unity of the country by the media through its irresponsible and thoughtless reporting. For the sake of cheap sensational news, petty vandals are given the coverage befitting a mass leader. Every news item is reported with a religious, caste or creed slant a dalit girl molested in a Delhi bus (as if other women are not molested in Delhi buses) or church guard killed (in reality an argument between two security guards had turned violent) or Muslim driver runs over a boy (his being a Muslim is of no relevance). Thus I think , With all its problems and troubles, India always finds a way to hold itself together. India now has become extremely mature and practical about things. It does wait for a Cricket World Cup , Or a patriotic Bollywood movie to express its feeling of oneness , but the realization that being together , united , is the only way to progress and prosper has been established. So though I agree with M. Guhas arguments of India not being a single nation , I think thats essentially how India has been and will be. But the truth lies in the fact that we find our won ways to display unity and move ahead in our attempt to progress. India has learned to live with the fact that its a nation full of diversity and the tolerance levels hence created have made sure the diversity camouflages under the spirit of accepted oneness or uniqueness.

Books Will Never be Replaced Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Books Will Never be Replaced What is it about a book, the physical book, the tangible reincarnation of an author that allows us to believe it will continue to be revered and regarded even in our age of computerized information? How can we be sure that, just as the clay tablet gave way to the scroll and bound book, the faith we have placed in paper editions will not be improved upon with the microchip? It may be that for all our attempts to squeeze and shrink information into screens, to encapsulate a world of knowledge into the size of a suitcase, to create a communications device which is always targeted at fitting into the palm of one's hand, there exists a hand-held favorite already which has worked itself inextricably into the human consciousness. The book is too close to our minds, hearts and hands to be replaced. When Ovid, the scurrilous Roman poet, fell out of favor with Caesar and was exiled to one of the far and rainy reaches of the empire, he put his faith in a book. He sent a volume of his poems from exile back to the city of Rome for publication and the possible vindication of his name. According to his opening lines, he sent it like a son: Little book, you're off to town without me, wet behind the ears (your ink is hardly dry). Enjoy it. I can't go. Papa's not allowed. Ovid insisted that a book could represent him and the sorrows of banishment to the emperor. The clever pun of which Ovid was probably aware was that the Latin word for book (liber) was close to the word for children (liberi). Whether Caesar appreciated the humor or not, his decree never wavered. Ovid lived the remainder of his life on the Black Sea, never able to return to the city that made him great, leaving only his book-child to b... ...it would be easier for a mother to forsake her child than for humanity to part with the passion for its paperbound twin-image. Technology has yet to produce the book's equal because it has approached the hand-held counterpart with hopes of improving speed, providing variety, expanding capability. But the book is and has always been a retreat of sorts, a stepping back for contemplation rather than a rapacious scramble for information. The book, more human symbol now than a silent reality on a shelf, will remain the quiet and palpable meditation between the hand, the head, and the heart. Sources cited: Abrams, M. H.. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: W & W Norton & Company, 1993. Gwynn, R.S.. Poetry. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993. Slavitt, David. Ovid's Poetry of Exile. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

We Can Change the World :: Personal Narrative Writing

We Can Change the World I’ve been in many neighborhoods that were ugly and messy until one time in 1992 when we moved to Florence and Central. When I first saw this area, I felt scared and sad. I especially hated the black gate that made our street seem like a prison. The worst things were the bad neighborhoods, drugs, violence, and homeless people. On the first day, I could smell the aroma of old garbage mixed with beer and spoiled food. Just one sniff of that disgusting dump made me vomit until I had nothing left to exit. All the streets were dumped with pieces of garbage such as used diapers, used sanitary napkins, and dead rats. The streets were cleaned every day, but at the end of the day they were dirty again. One day while walking down the street, I found a dead dog that was thrown away like trash. I felt sad since that animal once had life and was probably killed for the fun of it. My new block was a disaster and I never saw any people around. The only people alive there were retired people. The retired people's houses were fortified with metal bars and high tech alarms. They wouldn't come out of their houses. They would just peek through their windows. It made me even more scared. I turned to my father, who had the bright idea to move here, and I begged him: "Dad, please don't move here." He turned around and said, "Honey we will bring sunshine to this place." After the third week of living there, I just hated the place. I saw two gangsters injecting drugs and sniffing a white substance. The next day, I saw about twenty used needles thrown in the alley. Then I turned around and saw two gangsters in back of me with bikes. They followed me, and I walked as fast as I could. My legs seemed like they were two old turtles. My heart was bumping like a D.J., and the blood was racing in my body. I felt like dying right on the spot. While I was in a rush, I saw a police car passing and the gangsters disappeared. I never saw them again. I also witnessed a young mother forcing her children to beg for money, so she could buy drugs. She injected herself while her children were crying for her. We Can Change the World :: Personal Narrative Writing We Can Change the World I’ve been in many neighborhoods that were ugly and messy until one time in 1992 when we moved to Florence and Central. When I first saw this area, I felt scared and sad. I especially hated the black gate that made our street seem like a prison. The worst things were the bad neighborhoods, drugs, violence, and homeless people. On the first day, I could smell the aroma of old garbage mixed with beer and spoiled food. Just one sniff of that disgusting dump made me vomit until I had nothing left to exit. All the streets were dumped with pieces of garbage such as used diapers, used sanitary napkins, and dead rats. The streets were cleaned every day, but at the end of the day they were dirty again. One day while walking down the street, I found a dead dog that was thrown away like trash. I felt sad since that animal once had life and was probably killed for the fun of it. My new block was a disaster and I never saw any people around. The only people alive there were retired people. The retired people's houses were fortified with metal bars and high tech alarms. They wouldn't come out of their houses. They would just peek through their windows. It made me even more scared. I turned to my father, who had the bright idea to move here, and I begged him: "Dad, please don't move here." He turned around and said, "Honey we will bring sunshine to this place." After the third week of living there, I just hated the place. I saw two gangsters injecting drugs and sniffing a white substance. The next day, I saw about twenty used needles thrown in the alley. Then I turned around and saw two gangsters in back of me with bikes. They followed me, and I walked as fast as I could. My legs seemed like they were two old turtles. My heart was bumping like a D.J., and the blood was racing in my body. I felt like dying right on the spot. While I was in a rush, I saw a police car passing and the gangsters disappeared. I never saw them again. I also witnessed a young mother forcing her children to beg for money, so she could buy drugs. She injected herself while her children were crying for her.

Mein Kampf And The Formation Of Hitlers Ideas Essay -- Adolf Hitler Hi

Mein Kampf And The Formation Of Hitlers Ideas The dominant political figure of German history in the twentieth century, Adolf Hitler, was born in a lower middle class family in the provincial Austrian town of Braunau am Inn on 20 April 1889. In 1907 Hitler applied to enter the Vienna Academy of Art but his application was rejected. After the death of his mother Klara, Hitler decided to move to Vienna. He drifted from job to job, often selling sketches or painting scenes of Old Vienna and it was a period that he himself later called the most miserable period of his life. Many of Hitler’s views of the world were shaped by his experiences on the streets of Vienna and it is probable that his violent anti-Semitism dates from this time. In 1924 Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for his part in the Munich Putsch. During this time in prison Hitler began work on his book entitled Mein Kamph (My Struggle). The book outlines some of Hitler’s political ideas and his views on race and Germany’s future role in world affairs. Hitler had a racist view of world history and the dominant theme running through Mein Kamph was his concept of race. In Hitler’s view, civilization and nations decline when the fail to maintain the purity of the race. â€Å"Mixing blood and lowering of racial quality† according to Hitler is the â€Å"sole cause for the decline of all culture, for humans do not perish from lost wars but from the loss of that power of resistance that is characteristic only of pure blood†*. The fundamental duty of the government in Hitler’s mind was to preserve the racial purity of state for only this way can the superior race maintains it dominance over inferior races. To Hitler, the Aryan (an earlier Indo-European race from which the Germans were descended) was the master race and the other races were inferior. To Hitler the Jew represented the absolute contrast to the Aryan. The Aryans were the creators of culture and civilization, where else the Jew was the destroyer for they had no nation or culture of their own. They were â€Å"a parasite in the body of other nations†* contaminating the purity of the blood, exploiting and corrupting the nation. Hitler saw a Jewish world conspiracy and held absolute conviction that the Jews were responsible for all the evils that had befallen Germany – defeat of in war, revolution, economic collapse and Marxism. But abo... ...ak, that superior races prevail over inferior races. This concept with its theme of struggle and survival of the fittest appealed to Hitler. â€Å"Struggle† wrote Hitler â€Å"is the father of all things†¦He who wants to live must fight and who does not want to fight in this world where external struggle is the law of life has no right to exist†*. In Mein Kamph Hitler offered some insight into his thinking on exercise of power and in particular the important role of propaganda, his contempt of parliamentary democracy and the Weimar Republic. Hitler also wrote of the need for a national revival and the quest for living space. Hitler linked his hatred of communism with his hatred of Jews. In Hitler’s mind Russia was the centre of a Jewish conspiracy, a concept reinforced in Hitler’s thinking by the fact that many of the leaders of the Bolshevik Revolution were Jewish. Mein Kamph is an important book because it reveals a great deal about Hitler’s mind, outlook and the ideas that became the basis of National Socialism. What he wrote as his philosophy in 1924 he began to implement as policy when he became supreme ruler of Germany after 1934. * Quoted from Mein Kamph, Adolf Hitler, 1924

Essay on “Pike” by Ted Hughes

The poem â€Å"Pike† describes the fish of the same name and the poet's feelings about them, fishing and the brutality of some little ones he had as pets, which later grew out of control, â€Å"indeed they spare nobody†. The poem seems to be about nature, â€Å"ponds† and â€Å"lily pads†, but this is not a truly pastoral poem as it is not only about the beauty and innocence of nature; the tone is dark, â€Å"deep as England† and even terrifying, â€Å"the hair frozen on my head for what might move†. The structure of the poem seems regular; each verse has four lines.However, the line length, though at first it looks regular, is in fact irregular, ranging from five syllables to thirteen syllables. This difference adds to the uneasy tone of the poem, creating an aural sensation of something hiding within the longer lines, mirroring the way in which the â€Å"pike† lurks under the water ´s surface, â€Å"logged on last year ´s black leaves, watching upwards. The first two stanzas finish with a full stop, which creates the sensation of control control.This suggests that the poet has control of the dangerous fish, â€Å"killers from the egg†, at this stage, when the â€Å"pike† he describes are â€Å"three inches long, perfect†. However, by the fifth stanza, when the poet retells his anecdote about the â€Å"pike† â€Å"we kept behind glass†, at first there are â€Å"three†, then â€Å"suddenly there were two† and â€Å"finally one†, (as it has eaten the others), and this ruthless, cannibal fish, unlike any traditional pet, moves directly into the next stanza, â€Å"with a sag belly and the grin it was born with†.In this next stanza, the sixth, the poet warns the reader that the â€Å"pike† â€Å"spare nobody†. The fish ´s brutality is echoed by the poem ´s form at this point – the vicious â€Å"pike† has dominated the fish tank and now dominates the poem, refusing to follow the previous, neat form and escapes from one stanza to the next.Later in the poem the stanzas continue to run seamlessly into each other with enjambement, â€Å"dead in the willow-herb- one jammed past its gills down the other ´s gullet†, implying that the poet is losing control of the carnivorous fish and its â€Å"submarine delicacy and horror†. This is a rather long poem, with eleven stanzas, and the poet uses the extended description that runs throughout the whole poem, to emphasise the size of the â€Å"pike† â€Å"six pounds each, over two feet long† and their â€Å"old† age, thereby evoking his sense of being in awe of the fish ´s â€Å"submarine delicacy and horror†.This poem focuses on the â€Å"pike†, describing them in close detail, â€Å"green tigering the gold†, and only in the fifth person does the poet introduce the first person, â€Å"we†, (and in the eighth stanza, â€Å"I†). However, from the start, the poet ´s choice of language makes clear his feelings about the fish; he shows awe through the use of positive language such as â€Å"perfect†, and â€Å"gold† and â€Å"emerald†, which have connotations of precious wealth.He describes â€Å"pike† as â€Å"stunned by their own grandeur†, implying that he thinks the fish are self-aware and even arrogant, his use of the verb â€Å"stunned† here is almost personification, as if the poet thinks the fish can have the same self-awareness as a human. On the other hand, positive language such as â€Å"dance† and â€Å"grandeur† is juxtaposed against an underlying mood of darkness and evil, which enters the poem in its third line when the fish are presented as â€Å"killers from the egg† and â€Å"malevolent†.Therefore in the first three stanzas, the poet ´s attitude is contrasting, seeing both â€Å"d elicacy and horror† in the â€Å"pike†. However, in the fourth stanza the poet admits that â€Å"the jaws ´ hooked clamp and fangs† are â€Å"not to be changed at this date† and this marks a turning point in the poem, with the mood changing to wholly negative, and finally, fearful, with the simile â€Å"as a vice locks† and talking of â€Å"iron† â€Å"instrument† and, explicitly, â€Å"death†.By the ninth stanza the poet says directly that he is afraid, â€Å"I dared not cast†. He describes also â€Å"the hair frozen on my head† and the sensation of something â€Å"that rose slowly toward me, watching†, he presents this as a â€Å"dream†, but the experience conveyed to the reader is more of a nightmare. The poet ´s feeling of fear is highlighted by his description of â€Å"the dark pond† coupled with the repetition of â€Å"darkness†. Essay on â€Å"Pike† by Ted Hughes The poem â€Å"Pike† describes the fish of the same name and the poet's feelings about them, fishing and the brutality of some little ones he had as pets, which later grew out of control, â€Å"indeed they spare nobody†. The poem seems to be about nature, â€Å"ponds† and â€Å"lily pads†, but this is not a truly pastoral poem as it is not only about the beauty and innocence of nature; the tone is dark, â€Å"deep as England† and even terrifying, â€Å"the hair frozen on my head for what might move†. The structure of the poem seems regular; each verse has four lines.However, the line length, though at first it looks regular, is in fact irregular, ranging from five syllables to thirteen syllables. This difference adds to the uneasy tone of the poem, creating an aural sensation of something hiding within the longer lines, mirroring the way in which the â€Å"pike† lurks under the water?s surface, â€Å"logged on last year?s black leaves , watching upwards. The first two stanzas finish with a full stop, which creates the sensation of control control.This suggests that the poet has control of the dangerous fish, â€Å"killers from the egg†, at this stage, when the â€Å"pike† he describes are â€Å"three inches long, perfect†. However, by the fifth stanza, when the poet retells his anecdote about the â€Å"pike† â€Å"we kept behind glass†, at first there are â€Å"three†, then â€Å"suddenly there were two† and â€Å"finally one†, (as it has eaten the others), and this ruthless, cannibal fish, unlike any traditional pet, moves directly into the next stanza, â€Å"with a sag belly and the grin it was born with†.In this next stanza, the sixth, the poet warns the reader that the â€Å"pike† â€Å"spare nobody†. The fish?s brutality is echoed by the poem?s form at this point – the vicious â€Å"pike† has dominated the fish tank an d now dominates the poem, refusing to follow the previous, neat form and escapes from one stanza to the next.Later in the poem the stanzas continue to run seamlessly into each other with enjambement, â€Å"dead in the willow-herb- one jammed past its gills down the other?s gullet†, implying that the poet is losing control of the carnivorous fish and its â€Å"submarine delicacy and horror†. This is a rather long poem, with eleven stanzas, and the poet uses the extended description that runs throughout the whole poem, to emphasise the size of the â€Å"pike† â€Å"six pounds each, over two feet long† and their â€Å"old† age, thereby evoking his sense of being in awe of the fish?s â€Å"submarine delicacy and horror†.This poem focuses on the â€Å"pike†, describing them in close detail, â€Å"green tigering the gold†, and only in the fifth person does the poet introduce the first person, â€Å"we†, (and in the eighth stan za, â€Å"I†). However, from the start, the poet?s choice of language makes clear his feelings about the fish; he shows awe through the use of positive language such as â€Å"perfect†, and â€Å"gold† and â€Å"emerald†, which have connotations of precious wealth.He describes â€Å"pike† as â€Å"stunned by their own grandeur†, implying that he thinks the fish are self-aware and even arrogant, his use of the verb â€Å"stunned† here is almost personification, as if the poet thinks the fish can have the same self-awareness as a human. On the other hand, positive language such as â€Å"dance† and â€Å"grandeur† is juxtaposed against an underlying mood of darkness and evil, which enters the poem in its third line when the fish are presented as â€Å"killers from the egg† and â€Å"malevolent†.Therefore in the first three stanzas, the poet?s attitude is contrasting, seeing both â€Å"delicacy and horror† in the â€Å"pike†. However, in the fourth stanza the poet admits that â€Å"the jaws? hooked clamp and fangs† are â€Å"not to be changed at this date† and this marks a turning point in the poem, with the mood changing to wholly negative, and finally, fearful, with the simile â€Å"as a vice locks† and talking of â€Å"iron† â€Å"instrument† and, explicitly, â€Å"death†.By the ninth stanza the poet says directly that he is afraid, â€Å"I dared not cast†. He describes also â€Å"the hair frozen on my head† and the sensation of something â€Å"that rose slowly toward me, watching†, he presents this as a â€Å"dream†, but the experience conveyed to the reader is more of a nightmare. The poet?s feeling of fear is highlighted by his description of â€Å"the dark pond† coupled with the repetition of â€Å"darkness†.

Internationalization of Higher Education Essay

The paper is directly relevant to the selected theme and concurrent session since it extensively describes the contemporary problems and major perspectives of globalization and internationalization within the framework of higher education in Ukraine. Being objectively affected by the process of globalization, Ukrainian academic institutions gain the impetus to design the international educational environment, responsive to the needs of time, and therefore persistently move towards the understanding of the concept of internationalization and its adequate practical application. Internationalization of higher education: towards its comprehensive conceptualization in Ukraine Globalization and internationalization are significantly affecting higher education in Ukraine as everywhere in the world. The Bologna Process, implemented in Ukraine since 2006/2007 academic year, has fundamentally changed the image of Ukrainian higher education and triggered a range of conceptual transformations. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and reconsider the roles and functions of these processes. The paper provides a conceptual outline of internationalization of Ukrainian higher education, describes the main difficulties to be surmounted during the integration of Ukraine into the European Higher Education Area, and subsequently refers to the experience of Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy. Internationalization as the body of policies and strategies is focused upon rendering higher education responsive to the challenges set by the contemporary global environment. Inter nationalization implies the mobility of programs, ideas and values, as well as enhanced intercultural academic fluency. We are of the opinion that it is important to draw attention to the homogenizing risks which a country may confront on its way to global citizenship. Therefore, the strategies of internationalization in Ukraine must be developed with due account of its national context and priorities. The internationalization of higher education should be interpreted as a kind of response to the influence of globalization, aiming to preserve national identity and cultural difference at the same time. Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy presently educates international students from 42 countries. The significant cultural diversity in the Academy reinforces the understanding of global issues and demands, as well as essentially encourages the development of multilingual curriculum. The Academy sets the primary objectives to foster global outlook and commitment to international expertise among students and staff, as well as to create benign environment for intellectual, cultural and linguistic diversity, thus, being in line with the Academic Values in Internationalization of Higher Education, defined by IAU.

Motherhood and slavery Essay

As a capable black woman and as a mother, Sethe feels obligated to provide Beloved, whether her daughter or not, â€Å"a bed to sleep in and somebody there not worrying you to death about what you got to do each day to deserve it† (Beloved 67-68). Therefore, her job as mother, as caretaker, as â€Å"life-giver† and â€Å"life-maintainer† is never-ending, and because it is never-ending, it has the potential to take her to her grave. Beyond that, Sethe fears losing Beloved before she can make her understand that worse than killing her own daughter, â€Å"—far worse—was what Baby Suggs died of what Ella knew, what Stamp saw and what made Paul D tremble. † (Beloved 251). Although not entirely true, for Sethe’s best thing is herself, the one thing about herself that she values, that slavery has not taken away from her is motherhood. This, for Sethe, is maintaining a mental survival for her children, preventive medicine for the ills of slavery. As Kubitschek notes, â€Å"On the plantations†¦ black women’s nurturance—from the physical (nursing milk) to the metaphysical (energy and patience)—is used up primarily in working fields and tending white children† (166). But for Sethe, who was able to have her children with her, â€Å"the major means of protecting children from slavery is to value them and to communicate this value to them† (Kubitschek 166). This is a sacrifice Sethe and many mothers, traditional and nontraditional, are more than willing to make. This becomes especially painful in part two of the novel. When Sethe thinks about Beloved and her own actions, she says she will explain it all to Beloved, reflecting, â€Å"How if I hadn’t killed her she would have died and that is something I could not bear to happen to her†¦ I’ll tend her as no mother ever tended a child, a daughter. Nobody will ever get my milk no more except my own children† (Beloved 200). Here we can see transforming and destereotyping potential of Sethe’s actions. She goes on thinking of how she will change, how she can mother now as a free woman. In this case, it is as if Sethe must be a nontraditional, unstereotypical mother in order to accomplish the traditional mothering role she wants to attain. She also reflects on her faults when Beloved returns, how she was distracted by Paul D and should not have been. But it is at this point that she demonstrates the difference between man and woman, between father and mother. Kubitschek argues that â€Å"In the twilight area of an illegal freedom, Sethe has immediately, upon being summoned back to slavery, acted on a slave definition of mothering: presence is all† (167). Being together, even if dead together, was enough. â€Å"Presence is all. † Lucille Fultz cites Marsha Darling’s interview with Morrison in which Morrison asserts: â€Å"Under the theatrical conditions of slavery, if you made that claim†¦ that you are the mother of these children you were claiming the right to say something about what happens to them. † Morrison terms Sethe’s commitment to her children â€Å"an excess of maternal feeling, a total surrender. † This surrender is configured in Sethe’s desire to protect her daughter from the ills she suffered as a female slave. † (40) Sethe takes her protection of her children one step further. Fultz contends that â€Å"Through desire and knowledge Sethe achieves subjectivity for herself and her children. She refuses to subscribe to the system that treats her and her family as objects† (38). She especially needs to make up to Beloved, perhaps because she killed her, or perhaps because the death separated them as Sethe had been separated from her own â€Å"ma’am. † Kubitschek asserts, â€Å"Still defining motherhood as keeping her children with her, Sethe cannot reject the ghost’s presence† (167). Perhaps it is more a loss of a time component than the actual murder component that Sethe regrets. Thus, because she spent so little time with her own mother, she must spend as much time with her daughters as possible, which leads to their month of playing together. Morrison visually paints their month, noting the â€Å"star-loaded sky,† â€Å"sweet milk,† â€Å"string puzzles in afternoon light,† â€Å"shadow pictures in the gloaming,† â€Å"a garden of vegetables and flowers† (Beloved 240). All of this serves Sethe’s purpose until Beloved decides it is not enough, and Denver realizes â€Å"that her mother could die and leave them both and what would Beloved do then? † (Beloved 243). Beloved has no life of her own, no name, and never did. She was never called anything but the â€Å"crawling already? girl† and â€Å"Beloved† as her gravestone marked her. Not a name to cling to. Morrison tells us that â€Å"Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name† (Beloved 274) because she is a representation of life, many lives, but does not get the opportunity to live her own. She can be the woman during the Middle Passage; she can be the woman in slavery; she can be the woman who escaped slavery; and she is all of these. She â€Å"embodies each and every woman of the African American motherline†¦ and†¦ is also linked to Sethe’s own mother who, like the murdered granddaughter, remains nameless† (O’Reilly 86, 87). But as a result, she is never herself. Morrison poetically crosses three generations of women, who learn and demonstrate survival skills, in a very matriarchally religious trinity—mother: Sethe’s mother; daughters: Sethe and eventually Denver; and â€Å"holy† ghost: Beloved. Each fights for survival of herself, and of future generations through different means. Sethe’s mother rebels and is hanged, but impresses upon her daughter what truly matters—the self and a sense of connection with one’s own matrilineal line. Sethe escapes slavery with her children and is willing to kill them so that they may â€Å"survive† maintaining their natural selves. Beloved is reincarnated. This is her survival, but it also leads to Denver’s ability to survive on her own, which further protects and preserves the potential for future generations. Essentially, all these women can fight for survival at this point in the novel because there is a sense of belonging, of necessity. Sethe gives herself inherence when she places complete necessity on herself for the responsibility of her children. Morrison describes Sethe as a free woman, as a free mother, writing, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another† (Beloved 95). But that is what Sethe is able to do. In the Clearing, she claims herself. At this point, she is finally able to attach herself to the self that she can create. As a result, she can also, hi her mother role, help begin to claim selfhood for those around her. Thus, she returned to 124, â€Å"opened the door, walked in and locked it tight behind her† and when â€Å"Sethe locked the door, the women inside were free at last to be what they liked, see whatever they saw and say whatever was on their minds† (Beloved 198, 199). This is all part of Sethe’s role as mother. She defends others, her own girls especially, with her whole body, her whole home. Yet, the one thing she does not immediately understand or establish for herself, until Paul D makes her realize it, is that Beloved, her â€Å"crawling already?girl,† was not her â€Å"best thing. † Sethe is a woman destined for survival early on because of the actions she takes and the decisions she makes as a mother, but she cannot see her personal value beyond powerful motherhood until the end, when she is a free woman: free of slavery, free of Beloved, beginning to be free of the past, free of the blame of murdering her daughter to â€Å"save† her, and free of the blame of making the ink schoolteacher used to assess their animal characteristics and measurements (Beloved 271). Then and only then does she fully comprehend the destereotyped notion of â€Å"best thing† as herself. Redefining motherhood for herself, Sethe also redefines the foundation of humanity. By making her character commit that horrible act, Toni Morrison asks her reader: is the inhumanity in Sethe’s killing of the baby or is it in the horrible system that drives her to commit this act? Playing with the reader’s mind, Morrison dislocates scenes of the slaves’ beating that are prevalent in narratives of slavery. For the image of the master holding the stick, she substitutes that of the slave committing a violent act on her own child. From now on the slave is given the opportunity to have a voice. Why murder her baby? With this infanticide, Sethe’s writing of history undermines the ideology that founded the white masters. This ideology, based on a racial and gendered duality, locates humanity within the white race. It is this vision and appropriation of humanity that Morrison attacks. If humanity lies in the empowerment of the white man who engages in a violent exploitation of the non-white, driving the latter to kill her child, where does inhumanity stand?

Immigration in Lebanon

For a great period of time emigrants from Lebanon have been establishing communities throughout the world, and have been talking a lot about migration, until the number of Lebanese people outside Lebanon became greater than the double the number of Lebanese citizens. The Lebanese migration seems to have several principal causes. Hence, how are those causes really affecting the Lebanese migration? The first one is the economic causes, the second one is the social cause the third one is the weakness of the academic level in Lebanon.The lack of work opportunities and poverty IS ONE OF THE Famous economic problems in Lebanon that causes a massive immigration. People especially men are migrating from Lebanon searching for a job opportunities running from the poverty tending to live a decent life.The overpopulation so as the insecurity and the lack of security programs made a lot of Lebanese people migrate from Lebanon running from a life full of insecurity tending to a safe life. Beside t he overpopulation that made the life needy.The weakness of the academic level in Lebanon where the attraction of the destination countries to the Lebanese people and the lack of experimental fields and the presence of poor managements in the domain was the main reason for Lebanese migration which made it massive compared to the number of teens that are searching for a decent education.

Betlehem Day Care Center Case Study

Case Literature July 30, 2011 EM 4008 : School Strategic Management GREGORIO CYRUS R. ELEJORDE FLORDELIZA C. NAVIDAD Professor Masterand Case Study l. Information Title of organization : Betlehem Day Care Center Foundation Incorporation (BDCCFI) Description: The Day Care Center is an outreach project of the Cebu Archdiocesan Prison apostolate (CAPA) For 14 years now. Location : White Road , Inayawan, cebu City Management Staff: Founder: Fr. Giovanni (John) Iacono This center is currently being run by one head teacher, secretary, permanent casual volunteers, one coordinator and four teachers all under the guidance of one Catholic priest, Fr. Iacono. Organizational Chart Mission: The Bethlehem Day Care Center provides daycare service and other support service to the children of scavengers at the landfill site: 360 families residing in our houses, in Dumlog, Talisay. The average family is 4-6 persons (eventually we will have about 3,000 family members in our Village) 38 houses (built with the help of Habitat for Humanity) in Inayawan, Cebu Providing children with an educational foundation as toddlers encourages them and increases their chance in getting into elementary school. With education, these children develop into productive individuals, contributing the poverty alleviation and community building. No amount of money can ever be enough to help one child have a brighter future. No efforts are too many to help a child to go to school and improve his knowledge for the future. No pain is too big to bear if it gives a person dignity. No humiliation should stop anybody from helping the needy. Our facility currently accommodates children from families near the dumpsite area. These children, ages three to six, are sons and daughters of scavengers at the landfill site at Inayawan, Cebu City, Philippines. These children scavengers earn 50 to 100 pesos a day. As part of its program and service, we offer daycare sessions, scholarships to 10 students, a supplemental feeding program, uniforms, medical services and Basic Moral Christian values and Basic Ecclesial Communities formation among the parents of the Daycare Children. The center offers the above services free of charge. Objectives †¢ To assist less privilege families who are not able to provide their children with opportunities to develop a strong foundation of spirituality and values of the society where they live. †¢ To aid in the development of the child? s mental, communication and creative abilities, confidence, self expression and discipline adapted to their stage of growth and development. †¢ To enable the child to understand and relate positively to his/her parents and other adults in the family and his/her social environment. To provide the pre-school child with opportunities to improve and maintain health through supplemental feeding. †¢ To provide custodial care for the child during the absence of the parents/guardian when no better substitute arrangement is available at home. †¢ Crime prevention. †¢ Reduced mortality rate among children. Program and Services: The Bethlehem Day Care Center program includes: †¢ Physical caring, supplemental feeding. †¢ Motor skills development. †¢ Value inculcation, human relations. †¢ Language development, cognitive adoptive skills. †¢ Creative experience, mental stimulation. Spirituality. †¢ Personal and social skills. The day care service integrates these components needed in providing substitute parenting for the pre-school child. More than just watching over the child and keeping him/her protected from physical harm, substitute mothering includes mental stimulation and value inculcation. Group activities are also facilitated to encourage socialization among the children, as well as teach basic knowledge and skills of daily living. Supplemental feeding is included in the program to correct food deficiencies and ensure that the nutritional needs of the child are met. Uniforms, school accessories and medical care are also provided for the children who attend the day care services. The center offers Basic Moral Christian values and Basic Ecclesial Communities Formation among the parents of the Daycare Children. About 130 parents attend this activity twice a year. II. Organizational Problem A. Nature of the Problem 1. Why should Betlehem Day Care Center Foundation Inc. (BDCCFI) be established and operated in White Road, Inayawan, Cebu City ? Fr. John Iacono , an Australian priest, first visited the Philippines in the 1980s as a missionary priest. One of his many duties was to provide pastoral care for the prisoners in the city jails in Cebu City. He found that a large proportion of prisoners originated from a small region of Cebu known as Inayawan where there was a tip site known as Smokey Mountain (not to be confused with Smokey Mountain in Manila) where families scavenged for daily subsistence. He found that small children, some as young as 3 years old, were forced to work there on the tip site to earn a few pesos to help the family buy food . (photo of rubbish tip). Inayawan is a local word meaning unwanted, unloved, rejected ie a dumpsite. About this time, he met another Catholic Priest, Fr. Heinz Kuluke, an SVD, missionary priest from Germany , who also knew of Smokey Mountain at Inayawan. Initially the authorities denied that these places existed in Cebu but one evening Fr Heinz followed a rubbish truck which ended up at Inayawan. There he found about 200 families living in cardboard and tin sheds and living from scavenging on the tip. For a month he lived and worked side by side with the families to work out ways to help them. He was witness to some of the 20 annual child deaths caused by sickness, infections and malnutrition. In 1992, he set up a Day Care Centre for children which worked for about a month before attendance started to fall. He found that parents could not earn enough to feed their families if the children were not scavenging too. Following discussions between the two priests, it was agreed to give each child some rice to take home after school each afternoon to compensate for the food which they could not provide by scavenging. From that point on the project flourished. The Betlehem Day Care Center Foundation Inc. BDCCFI) was established in White Road, Inayawan, Cebu City, Philippines with its core purpose to continually provide for the center. B. Serious Problems 1. How the Betlehem Day Care Center Foundation Inc can sustain the maintenance in implementing and operating its program and services with free of charge to the most disadvantage children of scavengers in the community if the org anization are facing with serious problems and needs ? (see the datas ) Needs : 1. Physical Facility| *Land area, buildings and furnitures| 2. Technological Facility| *Computer, Electric fan, T. V. and etc. 3. Construction Materials| *Plywood, cement etc| 4. Volunteer Needs| *Medical personnel: doctors, nurses, health teaching professionals, dentists (withg dental chair), person adept at community building and teaching Basic Moral Christian Values| 5. Donation needs /Cash assistance| * P 45,000. 00/ month is needed for manpower at the Betlehem Day Care| 6. Other Expenses( incurred for the implementation of their program and services )| Supplemental feeding program to the daycare children Provision of medical services Assistance formation of Basic EcclesialCommunities Conduct of Basic Moral Christian Values both to the children and their parents Total monthly expenses are approximately P100,000. 00 Financing of more housing – costing 90,000 -100,000 pesos per house. | IV. Key Elements for solutions to the Problems Before : The day care center was first opened in 1993 in a rented room at Laray, Inayawan. In 1995, the day care moved to another location on White Road. Sitting on 350 square meters, the facility was composed of a main â€Å"nipa† (palm leaves) –roofed building which housed two classrooms, and an annex teacher’s quarters and dirty kitchen. The facility, however, was cramped for the school’s attendees and the parents took turns helping our in the school’s maintenance. The area was also easily flooded when it rained, since it was located beside a creek. A. BCA is made up of everyday Australians who are committed to making a difference to the world. Through BCA , members have been touched by the grace and humbleness of many disadvantaged people whom they have met. They feel privileged to be involved; it has resulted in their own lives being enriched as well as making a difference to others. The Board of Directors includes the following:   FR JOHN IACONO PatronFr John Iacono has lived and worked in the Philippines since 1982 (except for a few years in Australia ). Among his many early missionary tasks, was to offer pastoral care to prisoners. This work led him to the local rubbish tips where he became committed to helping the many marginalized families who lived there. His dream to open a Day Care Centre for the children of these families to break the poverty cycle has come true twice! The first centre opened in 1992 and the second more permanent one in January 2004; [see History]. Over 1500 children have attended the Centres and all have gone onto attend Primary and High School. He is the first link in our work in the Philippines . [ see FJ background ] RON NATOLI ChairmanRon has had extensive experience in the building trade for over 40 years. He saw the need to help after his first visit to Cebu , with his wife Maria, in August 2001 and has not stopped since! Commencing with fund raising for the Day Care Centre, he has been a stalwart supporter and visionary to Bethlehem and all its related projects. ROS BRADLEY SecretaryRos has always had a keen interest in overseas development programs. Using her experience from working at The Fred Hollows Foundation, she has been an unswerving supporter of Bethlehem from its early days and is enjoying progressing the formation of BCA. LANCE BROOKSLance started Communities for Communities (C4C) 3 years ago. C4C is about building, experiencing and celebrating community within our own communities as well as reaching out and helping other communities. His wide variety of local fun(d) raising activities as well as helping to build 9 schools on the Burmese/Thai border express these exact sentiments. C4C is now supporting the S. Pio Village. VICKI KASSOUF Vicki is unstoppable! Forever the pilgrim, Vicki travels widely for her studies and research, but always adds a positive contribution to meetings and assists enthusiastically with fundraising events. JOE EL-KHOURY Joe is an experienced and widely acclaimed teacher at St Aloysius College. He has visited the Philippines twice, both times as a pilgrim as opposed to a tourist; as a result he is tota| Welcome to  Bethlehem Communities Australia (BCA)! Thank you for taking the time to visit our site. Bethlehem Communities Australia is an exciting organisation  striving to help disadvantaged communities have a better way of life. We believe that poverty can be removed. And like Nelson Mandela, we believe that ‘overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity†¦. it is an act of justice. We work with Indigenous partners in small disadvantaged communities, by means of many different initiatives, resulting in communities that are run for the people, by the people. Bethlehem Communities Australias Mission is to contribute to the  relief of poverty in disadvantaged and marginalised communitiesin the Philippines and other developing countries, and to facilitate their transformation and development by providing: | early childhood development initiatives,| affordable and appropriate housing,| | programs that establish sustainable incomes. | | initiatives that form and strengthen Christian-based values within families and communities| B. Enter Ron and Maria Natoli with both their building expertise and boundless energy After their first life changing visit in August 2001, they (and their family) set about he lping Fr. John to raise funds to build a new day Care Centre. Along with many Australian supporters over $400,000 was raised. First the land was bought, followed by the building of a sturdier and more permanent concrete structure which was able to cater for all of the children of Inayawan, (approximately 160 children). Fr Johns dream had come true! The new Bethlehem Day Care Centre opened in January 2004 with much fanfare. It was here that the Australian group first met the celebrated University of the Visayas Choir who have become part of BCA life. C. With the help of Australian benefactors, CAPA started construction of a 1,084-square meter building just few meters away from the previous day care center. The center is now completed and operational and presently serving 160 children. D. BDC provides the land (3. 5 hectares were previously donated). Our families live there rent-free with 15 years to pay for the cost of the house. After the house is paid for, the family can buy the land. E, Cash Donations or assistance through credit cards, cheque, money order or cash from Betlehem Communities Australia (BCA) members and supporters worldwide. These cash donations from the BCA members and supporters have a greater part on the success of the Betlehem Day care Center program and services. (see the attached donation form and contact no. ) C4C visit to cebu a huge success! Lance Brooks, CEO of Communities for Communities (C4C) recently returned from a very successful trip to Cebu . Lance and 22 others left Sydney on 7 th October, for 8 days; the group was keen to see the reality of their fundraising efforts and to work side by side with Habitat for Humanity and the home partners of San Pio Village (SPV) in building their homes. Their ‘hands on visit and working with the people have truly enriched their lives, plus during their visit they assisted in building 9 home The Bethlehem Day Care Foundation Inc (BDCCFI) was established in the Philippines with its core purpose to continually provide for the Centre. Bethlehem means House of Bread and this is their focus: to provide spiritual and material food for the future of the most disadvantaged children. The Gospel Motto is, I assure you , as often as you did it to the least of my brothers, you did it to me. Matthew 25: 46) V. Positive outcomes from the Building of the Day Care Centre include: | Over 1500 children have attended the Centre since the first one opened in 1992. | | All have gone onto attend Primary and High School| | the number of jail inmates originating from Smokey Mountain has decreased| | child mortality in the area has reduced dramatically (for the past two years no children have died)| | parents participate in the running of the Day Care Centre and as a result have learnt about hygiene, moral and Christian values. | Bethlehem Day Care Centre is an approved NGO. It is now Incorporated Foundation. Its website is www. bdcc. cjb. net| | The organization Cebu Archdiocesan Prison Apostolate (CAPA) was set up. Its mission is to assist prisoners and their welfare. With the full backing of Cardinal Vidal, CAPA is integrated into Cebu Caritas and is a non profit registered NGO. Its outreach program is the Inayawan dumpsite where it focuses on education as the key to improvement. Over 200 (new) families still scavenge there. CAPA is one of BCAs partners in the S. Pio Program| The community seems to have gained valuable benefits with the completion and continued maintenance of the Bethlehem Day Care Center. While their parents work all day at the dumpsite, children are left under protective custody of trained teachers, keeping them away from the hazards of the dumpsite, providing them with healthy and valuable education. Statistics at the Pardo Police Station also show that the rate of crime has decreased by 95% since the center was established. Keeping the children out of the streets seems to be a factor in the crime prevention. Since 2001, many Australians have visited Cebu as part of the Bethlehem awareness program witnessing the inherent problems of poverty. Their visits always include Inawayan and the Day Care Centre. The heightened interest and commitment has resulted in the more formal development of Bethlehem Communities Australia (BCA) which became Incorporated in June 2005.