Essay --

The respiratory system is an ingeniously constructed system to carry out it’s cardinal function, oxygenation of blood and exhalation of carbon dioxide, with minimal energy cost (McCance et al., 2014). Situated in the thorax, respiration is efficiently carries out the processes of inhalation and exhalation air - also known as ventilation, in which lung is central unit. The whole respiratory system is divided into distinct zones: the upper and lower respiratory zones, also known as conducting and respiration portions respectively. The conducting portion comprises a series of open, unobstructed tubes for the movement of gases in and out of the lungs. The air conducting part begins as a system of cavities comprising of the nasal cavity, para-nasal sinuses and nasophyrnx - which begin the cleaning, warming, and moistening of the air entering the anterior nares. These cavities are lined by respiratory epithelium with two cell types, which line nearly all the airways pathways. Goblet cells are the one which secretes mucus that traps particulate matter, and the pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells that bear surface cilia that beats in a unidirectional rhythm only i.e. towards the mouth – known as the epithelial ciliated cells. The finger-like projections, cilia, move the debris and mucus full of pathogenic material to the oral region, where it coughed out or swallowed. The abundant blood vessels beneath the epithelium layer warm the inhaled air. The serous glands in the submucosa layer and the mucous secretions of the goblet cells aid in the entrapment of the particulate matter and in the absorption of harmful gases such as SO2 and bacteria. It also moistens the inhaled air. The air then enters a single tube - the trachea - that div... ... allows the lung to carry out its function efficiently. The thin-walled alveoli allow gaseous exchange to take place efficiently, and the small area allows increased surface area for diffusion to take place rapidly. The blood vessels and capillaries enable the lungs to have a good blood supply which transport oxygen around the body. There is a major structure of the lung referred to as the pleural sac that protects the lungs structure, prevent any damage its morphology. The lung is soft, it’s a delicate tissue that is easily damaged by its surroundings such as; bones, muscles and even connective tissues. Each lung is protected with this pleural sac which is a double layer or moist tissue. Between the two layers of tissue there is a microscopically thin layer of water that acts as a lubricate which makes the two tissues adhere to each other (Brooker et.al 2011).

Sexual identity and gender stereotyping

Culture is a body of common beliefs, traditions, values and principles which are shared by members of a particular group. A culture helps to determine the behaviors, attitudes and expectations of its people. Every society or community has some traditions, beliefs and customs regarding either gender. Most of this expectations are based on the sexual identity of one being either male or female which emanate from their different roles in human reproduction and variations in their physical characteristics. Cultural views on sexual identity comprises of beliefs, expectations and constraints of what men or women are supposed to do or not to do. Sexual identity refers to the level or degree to which we identify ourselves as male or female depending on various social, cultural and biological aspects . Our culture has various ways of distinguishing between the two major sexual identities. As a result, the expectations and constraints imposed on a woman are different from those imposed on the males. The fact that women give birth and lactate exposes them to certain constraints in their motherly roles in the society. For instance, our culture tends to view females as receptive and the males as intrusive in their respective sexual behaviors. Though such constraints are presumed to be less pervasive in the society today due to the fact that our culture is evolving into a modern social structure away from the hunter-gatherer kind of socio-economic life it used to be, the distinction between the two sexes still remains quite pervasive in terms of behavior, roles and interests . Many sociologists have traced the origin of such differences to the different cultural norms put forward by our culture to the society. Since birth, boys and girls become accustomed to different cultural standards either consciously or unconsciously which reflect their respective roles later in life. For instance, girls tend to take up the role of mothers and caretakers in the family while boys are taught to be the heads of the family as the bread-winners and protectors. The differentiation between male and female behaviors is a matter which is deeper than the concept of contextual relativism in the culture. Apart from behaviors, roles and expectations based on sexual identity, our culture has led to the evolution of some gender stereotypes which are associated with a particular sex whether male or female . The spread of such classical stereotypes in the media particularly dominates the society today. Both print and electronic media clearly indicate the different cultural standards of men and women in the society together with their varying capabilities based on their sexual identities. Until recently, the media has depicted the female gender as a weaker sex in terms of the roles, professions and the society expectations as compared to the male gender. However, the continued calls for gender equality has led to certain media portraits which show that women are as capable as their male counterparts thus removing the long held constraints and stereotypes imposed by our culture on women which tend to undermine their professional capabilities. Houston stresses on four major gender stereotypes. She puts them across as; men are afraid of commitments, men are bound to say or do anything in order to prevent their partners from discovering that they are cheating on them, women concentrate too much on what men say or do and finally, a woman can use any available strategy to keep a man. Such gender stereotypes she adds, are the source of certain phrases like ‘just like women', ‘men are dogs' and so forth which tend to associate men and women with certain behaviors and not others. As a young woman, all these cultural views have shaped my behavior and my self-understanding as such in various ways. For a young person to understand his or her sexual identity, it is vital to solve the tension caused by numerous cultural values between ‘who i am' and ‘what how the society views or expects of me'. As a woman, the culture expects me to be submissive and to behave as so especially when dealing with the male gender. Moreover, our culture expects women not to show their interest towards men as they are said to be the ‘hunters' and women the ‘hunted ‘. Such cultural values expect women to suppress their feelings and behave in a particular manner in matters concerning their sexual orientation and identity in the society. All these cultural views have shaped my personal behavior as a woman and my view on the whole concept of sexual identity. Due to the numerous gender stereotypes, behaviors, expectations and constraints imposed on the different sexes, there arises some tension between religious and societal values. Our culture which views women as second to men has consequently put some cultural restrictions which burr women from top positions in the religious matters and other societal issues. However, some cultural values tend to be in consistency with religious value in that in both cases, women especially those who are married are expected to act in a submissive way when dealing with their husbands. It can thus be said that, the environment and the cultural background in which one is brought up largely influences his or her future relationships with the opposite sex and other people in the society. Many gender stereotypes have adverse effects on future relationships especially for the young people who wish to establish stable and strong foundations for their future family lives. For instance, the stereotype that all men promoted by our culture are polygamous or unfaithful can have detrimental the women's ability to trust men hence the increased number of divorces in the modern society . From a theological point of view, marriage is seen as a vocation, covenant, sacrament, communion and a lasting partnership . However, this views are exposed to various interpretations especially in the cultural context of the modern society.

Un Kyoto Protocol

What is the Kyoto  Protocol? The  Kyoto Protocol  is an amendment to the  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  (UNFCCC), an international treaty intended to bring countries together to reduceglobal warming  and to cope with the effects of temperature increases that are unavoidable after 150 years of industrialization. The provisions of the Kyoto Protocol are legally binding on the ratifying nations, and stronger than those of the UNFCCC.Countries that ratify the Kyoto Protocol agree to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs and PFCs. The countries are allowed to use emissions trading to meet their obligations if they maintain or increase their greenhouse gas emissions The Kyoto Protocol sets specific emissions reduction targets for each industrialized nation, but excludes developing countries. To meet their targets, most ratifying nations would have to combine several strategies:   * place restrictions on their biggest polluters manage transportation to slow or reduce emissions from automobiles * make better use of renewable energy sources—such as solar power, wind power, and biodiesel—in place of fossil fuels Background The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997. It was opened for signature on March 16, 1998, and closed a year later. Under terms of the agreement, the Kyoto Protocol would not take effect until 90 days after it was ratified by at least 55 countries involved in the UNFCCC. Another condition was that ratifying countries had to represent at least 55 percent of the world’s total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990.The first condition was met on May 23, 2002, when Iceland became the 55th country to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. When Russia ratified the agreement in November 2004, the second condition was satisfied, and the Kyoto Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005. As a U. S. presidential candidate, George W. Bush promised to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Shortly after he took office in 2001, however, President Bush withdrew U. S. support for the Kyoto Protocol and refused to submit it to Congress for ratification. Rationale of UNFCCC and the Kyoto ProtocolThe ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.Concluding Remarks While international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol are certainly a step in the right direction in that they raise awareness about the severity of global climate change, they are not a complete solution and will not solve the problem alone. Real results and improvements will be seen when fundamental reductions in energy consumption and changes in lifestyle are achieved on an individual level across the globe. Continue by reading about  What You Can Do  to contribute towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving your lifestyle.The Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol has several provisions and established mechanisms concerning technology transfer which is supposed to favoring technology transfer for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world. However, mainly due to the flaws of the provisions and mechanisms, the environmentally sound technologies have not been transferred as smoothly as possible to realize the Kyoto Protocol’s objectives.Therefore, the international community shall take the effectiveness o f Kyoto Protocol as a fresh impetus to consummate the legal system of international technology transfer, that is, developing a uniform technology transfer agreement under the WTO with a focus on promoting environmentally sound technology, which may make the developing countries to acquire the technologies they need under the fair conditions and help them build their capacities to develop in a sustainable manner. China does not need to perform the obligation of reducing GHG emission until 2013 according to Kyoto Protocol, but recautions shall be taken to improve its legal systems on technology transfer to make preparations for implementing the policy of scientific development and playing roles in related international legislation. Impact on Spain of Meeting the Kyoto Commitment in 2008-2012 Impact on Delivered Prices to Households and Industry Meeting the Kyoto Protocol target in 2008-2012 through a combination of domestic actions plus purchases of international credits would increas e the price of home heating oil by more than 32%. Consumers would also pay more for gasoline and diesel.If the Spain participates in the Kyoto Protocol’s economy-wide emission reduction program, prices for industry would rise dramatically. Spanish industries would pay more than 42% more for natural gas and 24% more for electricity than under the baseline projection. Under the assumption that the Kyoto Protocol’s emission targets are made even more stringent in the post-2012 period, the impact on household heating oil prices would rise to more than 43% above the baseline estimate by 2025. Gasoline and diesel prices would rise substantially, between 15-19% by 2025.Impact on Energy Consumption In general, the percentage reduction in energy demand would not need to be as large as the required percentage reduction in carbon emissions because not all Btus of energy have the same carbon content. Additionally, purchase of international CO2 credits means that foreign CO2 reduct ions lessen the need for domestic reductions, thereby avoiding some domestic reductions in energy used. However, use of international credits does have consequences, as companies pass the cost of the international credit onto final consumers of energy via higher prices.Implementation of a limit on carbon dioxide emissions via an international carbon dioxide allowance trading system would result in the following impacts. November 2005 Global Insight, Inc. Page 12 Domestic Sector: The dramatically higher energy prices would force consumers to cut their consumption of energy. Since there is only limited opportunity to substitute more energy efficient appliances and furnaces for the period 2008- 2012, consumers would reduce their consumption of energy services. Longer term, consumers would attempt to replace some of these services by replacing their energy consuming equipment.Industry Sector: Industry would respond to the dramatically higher prices through several mechanisms. First, ind ustry would reduce energy consumption through process change. Second, industry would replace energy-consuming capital with more efficient capital. Third, to the extent possible, production of energy intensive goods would move to non-participating countries. Power Sector: The power sector would be hard hit under these scenarios. The imposition of carbon permits would lead to extremely large increases in the delivered price of electricity, particularly to the industrial sector.Imposition of ever decreasing carbon permit levels would set in motion dramatic changes in this sector. Coal use would decline, slowly at first and then rapidly, as the price drove electricity prices up reducing demand and encouraging the substitution of natural gas or renewables. Investment in natural gas fired generating capacity would alleviate some of the pressure on electricity prices, but with the ever increasing stringency of the target, investment in end-use efficiency would need to be as great or greate r than improvements in power supply efficiency.Transportation Sector: The impact on the transportation sector would be significant. However, due to the high taxes already in place on transportation fuels, the percentage change in price due to the addition of the carbon permit fees is less than the change in price in other sectors. Longer run, the permit price would have to be high enough to reduce energy use in this sector as the target tightens. Even assuming an international carbon dioxide emission allowance trading scheme, meeting the Kyoto targets would result in the following: ? Coal, with the highest carbon content of the energy sources, would be the hardest hit. Petroleum would experience the smallest percentage decline of the fossil fuels because of strong demand and limited technology substitution options in the transportation sector over the forecast horizon. ? Natural gas demand would initially increase relative to the baseline as it is substituted for coal and petroleum but ultimately would need to decline as the cutbacks in demand outweigh this substitution effect. ? The demand for renewables would increase in all the cases. ? For this analysis, it was assumed that nuclear and hydroelectric energy would not change.Economic Impacts Output and employment losses would be expected under the Kyoto Protocol because: energy-using equipment and vehicles would be made prematurely obsolete; consumers would be rattled by rapid increases in living costs; and financial ministers would most likely need to target more slack in the economy to deflate non-energy prices and thus stabilize the overall price environment. The analysis assumes that the cost of emission allowances would be passed along to consumers in the form of higher energy prices and ultimately high prices for all goods and services.Consumers’ purchasing power would be reduced by the higher cost of using energy, reducing real disposable income. Consumption and residential fixed investment wou ld be the hardest hit components of real GDP because of the direct loss in real disposable income. The short period to phase in the permit prices (2005-2008) would lead to substantial declines in real consumption from Base Case levels in the 2008-12 period. Imports would strengthen relative to Base Case levels, spurred by the competitive price advantage of non-participating Annex B countries, and non-Annex B countries. Real GDP would fall 3. % (26 billion Euros) on average below Base Case levels during the 2008-12 budget period, and 4. 3% (48 billion Euros) below in 2025 under Case 1 and 5. 6% (63 billion Euros) below under Case 2. The economy’s potential to produce would fall below Base Case levels initially with the cut back in energy usage, since energy is a key factor of production. Stronger investment would be required over the longer-term to build capital as a substitute for this lost factor. The decline in consumption and residential fixed investment relative to Base C ase levels, however, would have a depressing impact on business fixed investment in the near-term.Annual employment losses are projected to be 611,000 jobs in 2010 in the Spain The percentage reduction in employment relative to Base Case levels would be less than the drop in output. This is due to an increase in the labor-to-output ratio (or a decline in labor productivity) attributed to the permit program. Labor productivity would decline because the other factors of production would be less efficient. Only as investment grows and the capital stock is expanded would productivity begin to improve.Post 2012, if the target emission level under the Kyoto Protocol is maintained, the impact on economic performance would begin to lessen. The extreme change in the energy prices experienced during the years between 2008 and 2012 would not be repeated. While the percentage change in prices relative to the baseline would increase somewhat, the year-over-year change in prices would be reduced. However, achieving even more aggressive targets would take ever larger carbon fees, and would continue to take a significant toll on economic performance. http://www. studymode. com/essays/The-Kyoto-Protocol-Business-Ethics-202293. html

Free Essays on Labeling

White trash, jock, stoner, retard, jigaboo, slut, and preppy are labels that society gives people. By labeling individuals or groups of people; do we as a society influence a person’s behavior? I believe this is true. However, not everyone that is labeled turns out to be what they have been pinpointed as. Labeling theory is one of many criminological theories that tries to explain a person’s behavior. Does labeling a person really have an effect on that person’s behavior? Is a person’s behavior shaped by social labels? Does labeling a person just reintegrate what society already knows? Labeling theory is a complex theory that explains why people think certain acts and behaviors are deviant and why others are not. Labeling theory had many contributors to it’s existence. Charles Cooley’s Human Nature and the Social Order (1902) examined a person’s perception of themselves through studies of children and their imaginary friends. Through this study Cooley developed the concept of the looking glass self; in which people imagine how others view them. The main idea of looking glass self is that one defines themselves according to how society perceives them (www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/becker.htm.) George Mead’s contributions to labeling theory is the self is a product ones own self perception of social symbols and interaction. This idea shifts the focus away from the individual and looks at how society affects how a person acts. According to Mead, the concept of how people view themselves is a process not a structure (www.criminology.fsu.edu/criminology/lemert.htm). Frank Tannenbaum was possibly the first labeling theorist (http://faculty.ncwc.edu/tocon nor/301/3011ect12.htm). His main contribution was that of the dramatization of evil. He argued that by labeling an individual evokes the very behavior that is being complained about. He suggested that Johnson 2 an individual becomes what they... Free Essays on Labeling Free Essays on Labeling White trash, jock, stoner, retard, jigaboo, slut, and preppy are labels that society gives people. By labeling individuals or groups of people; do we as a society influence a person’s behavior? I believe this is true. However, not everyone that is labeled turns out to be what they have been pinpointed as. Labeling theory is one of many criminological theories that tries to explain a person’s behavior. Does labeling a person really have an effect on that person’s behavior? Is a person’s behavior shaped by social labels? Does labeling a person just reintegrate what society already knows? Labeling theory is a complex theory that explains why people think certain acts and behaviors are deviant and why others are not. Labeling theory had many contributors to it’s existence. Charles Cooley’s Human Nature and the Social Order (1902) examined a person’s perception of themselves through studies of children and their imaginary friends. Through this study Cooley developed the concept of the looking glass self; in which people imagine how others view them. The main idea of looking glass self is that one defines themselves according to how society perceives them (www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/becker.htm.) George Mead’s contributions to labeling theory is the self is a product ones own self perception of social symbols and interaction. This idea shifts the focus away from the individual and looks at how society affects how a person acts. According to Mead, the concept of how people view themselves is a process not a structure (www.criminology.fsu.edu/criminology/lemert.htm). Frank Tannenbaum was possibly the first labeling theorist (http://faculty.ncwc.edu/tocon nor/301/3011ect12.htm). His main contribution was that of the dramatization of evil. He argued that by labeling an individual evokes the very behavior that is being complained about. He suggested that Johnson 2 an individual becomes what they...

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, also known as the Snyder Act, granted full U.S. citizenship to Native Americans. While the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, had bestowed citizenship on all persons born in the United States- including former slaves- the amendment had been interpreted as not applying to indigenous native people. Enacted partially in recognition of the Native Americans who had served in World War I, the act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2, 1924. Though the act granted Native Americans U.S. citizenship, it did not ensure them the right to vote. Key Takeaways: Indian Citizenship Act The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2, 1924, granted U.S. citizenship to all Native American Indians.The Fourteenth Amendment had been interpreted as not granting citizenship to indigenous native people. The Indian Citizenship Act was enacted partly as a tribute to American Indians who had fought in World War I.While it granted Native Americans citizenship, it did not grant them the right to vote. Historical Background Ratified in 1868, the 14th Amendment had declared that all persons â€Å"born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof† were American citizens. However, the â€Å"jurisdiction thereof† clause was interpreted to exclude most Native Americans. In 1870, the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee declared â€Å"the 14th amendment to the Constitution has no effect whatever upon the status of the Indian tribes within the limits of the United States.† By the late 1800s, about 8% of Native people had qualified for U.S. citizenship due to being â€Å"taxed,† serving in the military, marrying whites, or accepting land allotments offered by the Dawes Act.   Enacted in 1887, the Dawes Act was intended to encourage Native Americans to abandon their Indian culture and â€Å"fit in† to mainstream American society. The act offered full citizenship to those Native Americans who agreed to leave their tribal lands to live on and farm free â€Å"allotments† of land. However, the Dawes Act had a negative effect on Native Americans on and off the reservations. Native Americans who had not already done so by other means won the right to full citizenship in 1924 when President Calvin Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act. While the stated purpose was to reward the thousands of Indians who had served in World War I, Congress and Coolidge hoped the act would break apart the remaining Native nations and force Native Americans to assimilate into white American society. Text of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 â€Å"BE IT ENACTED by the Senate and house of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all non-citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States: Provided That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of any Indian to tribal or other property.† Native American Voting Rights For whatever reasons it was enacted, the Indian Citizenship Act did not grant Native people voting rights. Except for the 15th and 19th Amendments, which ensure African Americans and women the right to vote in all states, the Constitution grants the states the power to determine voting rights and requirements. At the time, many states opposed allowing Native people to vote in their states. As a result, Native Americans were forced to secure the right to vote by winning it in the individual state legislatures. Not until 1962 did New Mexico become the last state to guarantee voting rights for Native Americans. However, like black voters, many Native Americans were still prevented from voting by poll taxes, literacy tests, and physical intimidation. In 1915, the U.S. Supreme Court, in the case of Guinn v. United States, declared literacy tests unconstitutional and in 1965, the Voting Rights Act helped protect the voting rights of Native people in all states. However, the Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in Shelby County v. Holder dismantled a key provision of the Voting Rights Act requiring states with a history of racial bias in voting to get the permission of the U.S. Department of Justice before enacting new voter qualification laws. Weeks before the 2018 midterm elections, the North Dakota Supreme Court upheld a voting requirement that may have prevented many of the state’s Native American residents from voting. Native American Opposition to Citizenship Not all Native people wanted U.S. citizenship. As members of their individual tribal nations, many worried that U.S. citizenship might endanger their tribal sovereignty and citizenship. Particularly outspoken against the act, leaders of the Onondaga Indian Nation felt that forcing U.S. citizenship on all Indians without their consent was â€Å"treason.† Others hesitated to trust a government that had taken their land by force, separated their families, and brutally discriminated against them. Others remained adamantly opposed to being assimilated into white American society at the cost of their Indian culture and identity. Tribal leaders who supported act considered it a path to establishing a national political identity that would give their people a more influential voice in issues affecting them. Many Native Americans felt the government now had an obligation to protect them. They believed that, as U.S. citizens, the government would be required to protect them from white businessmen trying to steal their government-granted land. Sources and Further Reference NCC Staff. On this day, all Indians made United States citizens. National Constitution Center: Constitution Daily.. 1924 Indian Citizenship ActNational Park Service.Hass, Theodore H. (1957). The Legal Aspects of Indian Affairs from 1887 to 1957. American Academy of Political and Social Science.Bruyneel, Kevin. Challenging American Boundaries: Indigenous People and the Gift of U.S. Citizenship. Studies in American Political Development. . Letter of Onondaga Nation to Calvin CoolidgeThe Onondaga Nation and the Haudenosaunee.

Malthus vs Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Malthus vs Marx - Essay Example Marx on his part argues that crises can also occur. However, they identify problem originating in different ways. Therefore, the essay will explain how each accounts for downturns in capitalist economies. It will go ahead and argue which explanation is more persuasive. To begin with, it is important to understand capitalism and its working in the society. Capitalism refers to an economic system characterized by corporate or private ownership of capital goods through investments that are determined through private decision, and through production, distribution, and the prices of goods that are determined majorly by competition in a free market (Frank 5). Elements of capitalism include production of goods or services for profit, means of production is owned privately, wage labor, and competitive markets. This system became dominant after feudalism diminished in the Western world. It is worth noting that the designation of this system is applied to different historical cases that vary i n geography, culture, time, and politics (Frank 9). Capitalism has many variants that bear the aforementioned characteristics though the degree of application of these characteristics may differ a little bit. The main forms of capitalism include state capitalism, free- market capitalism, mercantilism, corporate capitalism, and social market capitalism. Of particular interest to this essay is the production aspect of capitalism, especially as it has been the focus of Malthus and Marx’s arguments. Thomas Malthus is widely known for his theories on population. However, his contributions to political economy theories were equally significant. Malthus argument focused on production and its ability to meet the economic demand of a society. In developing his theories about political economy, he defended Sismondi’s views on general glut. Malthus argues about general glut, which means overproduction of goods, in his Surplus Theory (Hollander 12). According to him, the general g lut question may be general as well as particular, permanent or temporary as well. He argues that the concept of the general glut in a given society has a potential of presenting a problem (Buccholz 60). Malthus glut theory was based on insufficient aggregate demand that was analyzed through the existing patterns of expenditure among the three socio- economic classes. He assumed that capitalists would spend their income on basic needs since they will not have time and capacity to utilize all the goods and services at their disposal thus spending most of their income on the capital accumulation (Hollander 26). The property owners on their part would spend most of their income on personal services and luxury items such as culture and arts. Besides, he assumed that laborers would spend most their incomes if not all on basic needs necessary to maintain their basic subsistence level and would not have remaining money for savings. Malthus argued that the glut problem was because of high r ate of savings among the capitalists making the capital accumulation rate to be unsustainable. Therefore, demand for labor would increase in order to keep up with the capital growth. This may result to temporal labor shortage causing rise of wages or some newly invested capital may fail to find matching labor hence becoming idle (Buccholz 62). Eventually, this scenario would lead to an economic crisis. To him, overproduction of

Issue in case transaction Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issue in transaction - Case Study Example The business during the manufacture and sale of large quantities of soup are likely to experience gains or losses due to the difference in foreign exchange translations. Losses or gains will also be experienced because of misjudgment on what, where or when to invest. This is a case of capital financing decision. A. Specifications The Oriental Delight soup product should and has to be produced just as the formula that was formulated by Specialty Laboratory. Apart from the production, the product must also be canned and labeled according to the requirements of Hen Hao. The specifications are well laid down and no change shall be made to them unless through writing. Concerning the specifications there is a risk that Gumpbell may not produce the goods exactly as prescribed and when this takes place, the company will suffer the damages as the goods are rejected by Hen Hao. Such an impact can be avoided if Gumpbell is sure of its production capacity to be able to fulfill the contract to th e end. In addition, the labor employed by Gumpbell must posses the skills required by customers and when this is not available then Gumpbell has to recruit such a labor to avoid such risks. B. Quantities Quantities will depend on the demand requirements by the consumers as studied by the supplier (Hen Hao). Hen Hao’s annual demand is likely to be ranging between, 200,000 to 450,000 cases; this is within the term as prescribed in the supply agreement. Now Hen Hao is not capable of estimating that their current demand is and the time of the year they expect it to be shipped. Apart from the quantities depending solely on demand, the costs per unit would also influence the quantity that Hen Hao would demand. C. Purchase Order Procedure Hen Hao already has the specification of how they demand that the product be manufactured. The manufacturer already holds the specifications; what Hen Hao needs to do each time is to make purchase orders through order forms supplied by the producer s (Gumpbell). Such order will be submitted online using internet resources. The purchase orders must be submitted early enough (30 days prior to when they are required) when it is expected that they would be acted upon in time. The purchase order will give the manufacturer the quantity demanded and hence decide on the amount to produce; as well, the shipping instructions and the shipping date are also included. The manufacturer is given a period from which they relax, this is despite the fact that an acknowledgement of Purchase order receipt. D. Forecasts At the onset, Hen Hao could not predict its requirements of the soup within a given specific time. This scenario is likely to change over a given period, as Hen Hao will be in a position to now conduct such forecasts and submit the purchase order forecast to Gumpbell. Failure to submit the forecasts would cause a risk that the soup may not be prepared in advance and the consumers whose appetites are sharp enough would be disappoint ed. Forecasts are important since most of the time they act as a guide towards that which is required. PHASE II: Transportation, Delivery, Transfer of Title and Risk of Loss Once a sales agreement has been got into, the tendency that the goods would move from one party to the other is certain. The movement involves physical movement as well as contractual movements. Just as goods would move from the manufacturer to the producers is the same way such goods are likely to move from the distributor to